Foods That Lower Testosterone

1. Soy Products

Soy products, including tofu, soy milk, and edamame, are widely consumed for their high protein content and potential heart health benefits. However, soy is also rich in phytoestrogens, specifically isoflavones, which can mimic the effects of estrogen in the body. Studies suggest that excessive intake of these compounds may lead to a reduction in testosterone levels, especially in men (NCBI). The impact of soy on testosterone appears to vary based on the amount and frequency of consumption.

Interestingly, the average intake of soy is much higher in many Asian countries compared to Western countries. Despite this, Asian populations do not consistently demonstrate lower testosterone levels, possibly due to long-term dietary adaptation or differences in overall diet composition. In the West, where soy consumption is typically lower and often consumed as processed foods, the hormonal effects may be more pronounced if intake suddenly increases (Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism).

Experts recommend moderation when it comes to soy intake. Incorporating soy as part of a balanced diet is generally safe, but those concerned about testosterone levels should avoid excessive consumption and monitor any changes in health or hormone status.

2. Flaxseeds

Flaxseeds have become a popular addition to health-conscious diets due to their high fiber, omega-3, and antioxidant content. However, they are also particularly rich in lignans, a class of phytoestrogens that can exert estrogen-like effects in the body. Lignans may compete with androgens, such as testosterone, for binding sites, potentially leading to a reduction in circulating testosterone levels. Clinical trials have indicated that flaxseed supplementation can lower total and free testosterone, particularly in men with certain health conditions (PubMed).

For example, a study published in the journal Urology found that men with prostate cancer experienced a significant decrease in testosterone after consuming a flaxseed-supplemented diet (Gold Journal). While the exact mechanisms are still under investigation, it is believed that the estrogenic effect of lignans plays a central role in modulating hormone levels.

Given these findings, individuals who are specifically monitoring their hormonal health—such as men concerned about testosterone levels—should exercise caution with large or frequent flaxseed consumption. Moderation is key, and it may be beneficial to consult a healthcare provider when incorporating flaxseeds regularly into the diet.

3. Licorice Root

Licorice root has been used for centuries in traditional medicine for its sweet flavor and believed health benefits. Its primary active compound, glycyrrhizin, has potent biological effects—including the ability to influence hormone levels. Research has demonstrated that glycyrrhizin can significantly suppress testosterone production by interfering with enzymes involved in steroid synthesis. Clinical studies reveal that even short-term licorice consumption may lead to a notable decline in serum testosterone levels (NCBI).

Traditionally, licorice root was used to soothe digestive complaints, sore throats, and inflammatory conditions. However, modern scientific investigations have uncovered its potential endocrine-disrupting properties, particularly concerning testosterone. While traditional use often involved teas or herbal remedies in moderate amounts, today’s licorice is also found in candies, herbal teas, and even some supplements, making inadvertent overconsumption more likely (BMJ).

Given these findings, individuals should be vigilant about checking ingredient lists on candies, teas, and herbal products for licorice root or glycyrrhizin. Those monitoring their testosterone levels or concerned about hormonal balance should limit their intake of licorice-containing products to avoid unwanted endocrine effects.

4. Alcohol

Alcohol consumption is widely recognized for its impact on overall health, but its specific effects on testosterone synthesis are particularly significant. Alcohol interferes with the function of the testes and the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, which are crucial for hormone production. When consumed in moderate to high amounts, alcohol suppresses the release of luteinizing hormone, a key trigger for testosterone synthesis, resulting in lower circulating testosterone levels (NCBI).

Population studies have shown that chronic and heavy alcohol use is consistently associated with reduced testosterone in both men and women. Even acute alcohol intake can lead to temporary drops in testosterone, while long-term abuse can cause persistent suppression and contribute to symptoms such as decreased libido, fatigue, and muscle loss (NCBI). Interestingly, occasional light drinking does not seem to have a significant effect, highlighting the importance of dose and frequency in alcohol’s hormonal impact.

For those who are particularly concerned about maintaining optimal hormone balance, moderation is essential. Limiting alcohol intake or abstaining altogether can help prevent negative effects on testosterone and support overall endocrine health.

5. Mint

Mint, particularly in the forms of peppermint and spearmint, is a common ingredient in teas, candies, and herbal remedies. The active compound in mint, menthol, has been studied for its potential influence on hormone levels. Research indicates that menthol may play a role in reducing testosterone, especially in animal models. Human studies are limited, but some clinical trials have found that spearmint tea, in particular, can lead to significant decreases in free testosterone levels (NCBI).

Peppermint and spearmint are often used interchangeably, but studies suggest that spearmint has a more pronounced effect on androgen reduction. In women with conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), spearmint tea has been shown to lower testosterone and alleviate related symptoms (PubMed). While these effects can be beneficial in certain situations, such as treating androgen excess, they may be undesirable for those looking to maintain healthy testosterone levels.

If you are concerned about hormone balance or monitoring testosterone, it is wise to limit the consumption of mint-heavy products, including herbal teas, extracts, and supplements, to minimize any potential endocrine effects.

6. Vegetable Oils

Vegetable oils, such as soybean, corn, and sunflower oil, are prominent sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the modern diet. While PUFAs are essential for health in moderate amounts, some research indicates that excessive intake—particularly of omega-6 fatty acids—may suppress testosterone production. Animal and human studies have demonstrated that high PUFA consumption can reduce testicular testosterone synthesis, potentially by altering cell membrane composition and hormone signaling (PubMed).

Not all oils have the same effect. For example, olive oil, which is rich in monounsaturated fats, has been associated with increased testosterone levels in several studies. In contrast, oils high in PUFAs, like soybean oil, show a tendency to lower testosterone when consumed in large amounts (NCBI). The balance between omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids also plays a crucial role in hormone health, as an overabundance of omega-6s relative to omega-3s can exacerbate hormonal imbalances.

To support optimal testosterone levels, it is important to be mindful of cooking oil choices. Favor oils such as olive or avocado oil for daily use, and limit reliance on PUFA-rich vegetable oils in both home-cooked and processed foods.

7. Processed Foods

Processed foods, which include packaged snacks, fast food, and ready-made meals, are often high in trans fats and artificial additives. These compounds have been linked to a range of negative health outcomes, including a reduction in testosterone levels. Research has shown that diets rich in trans fats can lead to decreased testicular function and lower testosterone synthesis, likely due to their inflammatory effects and interference with hormone signaling (NCBI).

Fast food meals, in particular, are typically loaded with trans fats, sodium, and preservatives, whereas home-cooked meals made from fresh ingredients are less likely to contain these hormone-disrupting elements. A study comparing men who consumed high amounts of processed foods with those who ate mostly whole foods found that the former group had significantly lower testosterone levels (ScienceDirect).

To support healthy testosterone production, it is best to limit the intake of processed foods and focus on a whole-foods-based diet that emphasizes fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and healthy fats. This approach not only benefits hormone health but also improves overall well-being.

8. Sugar-Sweetened Beverages

Sugar-sweetened beverages such as sodas, energy drinks, and sweetened teas are popular worldwide, but their excessive consumption has significant health consequences. High intake of these drinks contributes to insulin resistance, a metabolic disturbance that disrupts the endocrine system and has been strongly associated with testosterone decline. When the body becomes resistant to insulin, it can lead to increased levels of circulating insulin, which in turn suppresses the production of testosterone by affecting the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (NCBI).

Research specifically examining sodas has shown that men who regularly consume sugar-sweetened beverages have significantly lower testosterone levels compared to those who avoid them. One large study found a direct relationship between the amount of soda consumed and the degree of hormone suppression, suggesting a dose-dependent effect (Oxford Academic).

For those looking to protect or improve their hormone balance, it is wise to replace sugary drinks with water or unsweetened alternatives such as herbal teas or sparkling water. This simple dietary change supports metabolic health and helps maintain optimal testosterone levels.

9. Dairy Products

Dairy products, including milk, cheese, and yogurt, are nutritional staples for many people, but they can also influence hormone levels in the body. Some conventional dairy products may contain naturally occurring hormones, such as estrogen and progesterone, or traces of synthetic hormones used in livestock farming. These exogenous hormones can potentially disrupt the endocrine system and suppress testosterone production, particularly if consumed in large amounts (NCBI).

Differences exist between organic and conventional dairy. Organic dairy products come from animals not treated with synthetic hormones and are often subject to stricter regulations regarding feed and antibiotic use. As a result, organic dairy may contain lower levels of hormone residues compared to conventional options. However, even organic dairy contains naturally occurring animal hormones that could influence human hormone balance (PubMed).

For those concerned about testosterone levels or overall hormone health, it is advisable to practice moderation with dairy intake. Choosing organic dairy products when possible and varying protein sources with plant-based or non-dairy alternatives can further minimize potential hormonal disruptions while supporting a balanced diet.

10. Certain Cheeses

Some types of cheese, particularly processed cheeses, can contain a variety of additives, preservatives, and artificial ingredients that may have hormone-disrupting effects. Processed cheeses are often made by combining natural cheese with emulsifiers, stabilizers, artificial colorings, and flavor enhancers. These additives can interfere with hormone production and may contribute to reductions in testosterone levels when consumed frequently (NCBI).

There are notable differences between natural and processed cheese. Natural cheeses—such as cheddar, Swiss, or mozzarella—are made from simple ingredients like milk, salt, and cultures, and undergo minimal processing. In contrast, processed cheeses like American cheese slices or cheese spreads typically contain additional ingredients to enhance texture, flavor, and shelf life. These extra components may include sodium phosphate, modified starches, and artificial preservatives, all of which can disrupt endocrine function over time (ScienceDirect).

To minimize potential hormone disruption, it is wise to read labels carefully and choose cheeses with short, recognizable ingredient lists. Opt for natural, unprocessed cheeses whenever possible and limit intake of processed cheese products to support healthier testosterone levels.

11. Trans Fats

Trans fats, also known as partially hydrogenated oils, have a well-documented negative impact on cardiovascular health, but their influence extends to hormone regulation as well. Research shows that trans fats can lower testosterone by increasing oxidative stress and inflammation in the body, which impairs the function of the testes and disrupts the hormonal signaling required for testosterone synthesis (NCBI).

These harmful fats are commonly found in fast food, commercially baked goods like pastries, cookies, and crackers, as well as some margarines and snack foods. Studies have linked high dietary intake of trans fats to significantly reduced testosterone levels and poorer reproductive health in men. The mechanism involves both direct toxicity to testicular cells and interference with crucial enzymes involved in hormone production (ScienceDirect).

To protect testosterone and overall health, it is important to actively check food labels for the presence of trans fats or partially hydrogenated oils. Opt for products specifically labeled as “trans fat-free” and prioritize whole, unprocessed foods to eliminate exposure to these damaging fats.

12. Refined Carbohydrates

Refined carbohydrates, such as those found in white bread, pastries, and many processed cereals, can have a significant impact on hormonal health. Consuming large amounts of these foods leads to rapid spikes in blood sugar and a corresponding surge in insulin production. Over time, consistently high insulin levels can contribute to insulin resistance, a condition known to disrupt the hormonal balance and suppress testosterone production (NCBI).

Whole grains, by contrast, contain more fiber, vitamins, and minerals, which help slow the absorption of sugar and promote stable blood glucose levels. Studies show that diets high in whole grains are associated with better metabolic health and more favorable testosterone levels, while those high in refined carbs are linked to lower testosterone and increased risk of metabolic syndrome (American Journal of Clinical Nutrition).

To maintain a healthy hormonal profile, it is wise to balance carbohydrate intake by choosing whole grains such as brown rice, oats, and quinoa instead of refined products. This not only supports testosterone but also benefits overall energy and well-being.

13. Canned Foods (BPA)

Many canned foods contain a substance called bisphenol A (BPA), which is used in the lining of cans to prevent corrosion and contamination. BPA is a known endocrine disruptor and can leach into food, especially when cans are heated or stored for long periods. Research has shown that BPA can mimic estrogen and interfere with the body’s hormonal balance, potentially lowering testosterone levels and affecting reproductive health (NCBI).

Studies have found that people who frequently consume canned foods, such as canned soups or vegetables, have higher levels of BPA in their urine compared to those who eat fresh or frozen foods. One notable study demonstrated a significant spike in BPA levels after just five days of eating a single serving of canned soup daily (JAMA). This exposure is linked to changes in hormone levels, including a reduction in testosterone and increased risk of metabolic and reproductive disorders.

To reduce BPA exposure and its potential impact on testosterone, choose BPA-free packaging or opt for fresh, frozen, or glass-packaged foods whenever possible. Always check labels for “BPA-free” claims to support better endocrine health.

14. Fried Foods

Fried foods are a dietary staple in many cultures, but frequent consumption can negatively impact hormone health, particularly testosterone levels. Frying oils, especially when reused or heated to high temperatures, produce oxidative compounds and free radicals that cause cellular damage. These compounds can impair testicular function and disrupt the enzymes necessary for testosterone synthesis (NCBI).

Comparisons between fried and baked foods reveal stark differences in their effects on health. Fried foods are associated with higher levels of inflammation and oxidative stress, both of which are linked to lower testosterone levels. Baked foods, on the other hand, typically retain more nutrients, produce fewer harmful byproducts, and are less likely to contribute to hormonal imbalances (ScienceDirect).

To protect testosterone and overall well-being, it is best to limit fried food intake and choose healthier cooking methods such as baking, steaming, grilling, or roasting. These options reduce exposure to damaging compounds and support a more balanced hormonal environment.

15. Baked Goods

Baked goods such as pastries, cakes, cookies, and donuts are often high in trans fats and added sugars—both of which have been shown to negatively impact hormone health, including testosterone levels. Trans fats, which are commonly found in commercially baked items, can disrupt testicular function and lower testosterone by increasing inflammation and oxidative stress (NCBI). Meanwhile, excessive sugar intake leads to insulin spikes and, over time, insulin resistance, which is associated with suppressed testosterone production (NCBI).

When compared to whole grain snacks, which provide fiber, vitamins, and minerals while maintaining stable blood sugar levels, highly processed baked goods offer little nutritional value and can contribute to hormonal imbalances. Whole grain snacks also support metabolic health and have a more favorable effect on testosterone and other hormones.

To maintain a healthy hormonal environment, it is wise to choose desserts mindfully. Opt for treats made with whole grain flours, healthy fats, and natural sweeteners, and limit the frequency of consuming commercial pastries and cakes. This approach satisfies sweet cravings while protecting testosterone and overall well-being.

16. High-Sodium Foods

Consuming high-sodium foods can indirectly affect testosterone levels by contributing to elevated blood pressure and increased cardiovascular risk. Chronic high blood pressure has been linked to impaired testicular function and reduced testosterone production, as it can lead to vascular damage and decreased blood flow to hormone-producing organs (NCBI). Excess salt is commonly found in processed meats such as sausages, bacon, and deli slices, as well as in canned soups, salty snacks, and fast food.

Processed meats are particularly problematic because they often contain both high sodium and preservatives, compounding their negative impact on hormone health. Studies suggest that men with diets rich in processed meats and salty foods have lower testosterone levels and are at greater risk for metabolic and cardiovascular disorders (NCBI).

To support optimal testosterone and vascular health, it is advisable to choose low-sodium alternatives and limit processed meat intake. Opt for fresh, unprocessed proteins and use herbs, spices, and natural flavorings instead of excess salt. Monitoring sodium consumption not only benefits hormone balance but also supports overall cardiovascular well-being.

17. Fast Food

Fast food meals are notorious for their high levels of trans fats, added sugars, and excessive salt—all of which can negatively impact hormone health, including testosterone levels. The combination of these ingredients promotes inflammation, insulin resistance, and oxidative stress, which collectively suppress testicular function and disrupt hormone production (NCBI). Frequent consumption of fast food has been linked to lower testosterone levels, increased risk of metabolic syndrome, and poorer overall health outcomes.

When compared to home-cooked meals, fast food typically contains more unhealthy fats, refined carbohydrates, and sodium, but fewer essential nutrients. Home-prepared dishes allow for better control over ingredients and portion sizes, supporting a more balanced diet and healthier hormone profile. Studies show that men who regularly eat home-cooked meals have higher testosterone levels and lower rates of obesity and metabolic disease (NCBI).

To minimize the hormonal impact of fast food, consider meal planning and preparing meals at home. Choosing fresh, whole ingredients and limiting processed and takeout foods can help maintain optimal testosterone levels and promote long-term health.

18. Artificial Sweeteners

Artificial sweeteners such as aspartame, sucralose, and saccharin are widely used to reduce calorie content in diet sodas, sugar-free snacks, and low-calorie desserts. Their effects on hormone levels, including testosterone, remain controversial. Some animal studies suggest that certain artificial sweeteners may disrupt the endocrine system, potentially leading to lowered testosterone by affecting the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (NCBI).

Research specifically examining aspartame has yielded mixed results. Some studies have found that high doses of aspartame may reduce testosterone and alter other reproductive hormones, while others have reported no significant effect at typical consumption levels (ScienceDirect). The inconsistencies may be due to differences in dosage, study duration, and whether the research was conducted on animals or humans.

Given the ongoing debate and limited long-term human data, those at risk for hormonal imbalances or concerned about testosterone are advised to monitor their intake of artificial sweeteners. Opt for natural sweeteners in moderation, and consult with a healthcare provider if there are concerns about their potential impact on hormone health.

19. Farmed Fish

Farmed fish, such as farm-raised salmon, tilapia, and catfish, are a common source of dietary protein and omega-3 fatty acids. However, these fish may also contain higher levels of certain environmental contaminants, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dioxins, and residual antibiotics, compared to their wild-caught counterparts. Research suggests that these contaminants can act as endocrine disruptors, interfering with testosterone synthesis and overall hormone balance (NCBI).

Wild fish generally have lower concentrations of synthetic chemicals and are less likely to be exposed to hormone-disrupting pollutants found in commercial aquaculture environments. Studies comparing wild and farmed fish have shown that individuals who consume more farmed fish may have higher body burdens of PCBs and related compounds, which are linked to altered hormone levels and reduced testosterone (ScienceDirect).

To minimize potential risks, it is recommended to vary fish choices by including both wild-caught and responsibly farmed options, and to check for certifications indicating lower contaminant levels. This approach supports adequate omega-3 intake while reducing exposure to substances that may impact testosterone and endocrine health.

20. Non-Organic Meats

Non-organic meats—including beef, poultry, and pork raised using conventional farming practices—may contain residues of growth hormones and antibiotics administered to promote rapid growth and prevent disease in livestock. These hormone residues can persist in animal tissues and, when consumed regularly, may disrupt the human endocrine system and potentially lower testosterone levels (NCBI).

Organic meats, by contrast, come from animals raised without synthetic hormones or routine antibiotics. Regulatory standards for organic farming require animals to be fed organic feed and to have access to the outdoors, resulting in lower risks of hormone and drug contamination in the final product. Some studies suggest that choosing organic meat over conventional varieties reduces exposure to hormone-disrupting chemicals and supports healthier hormone balance (NCBI).

For individuals concerned about hormonal health and testosterone, it is beneficial to read labels carefully and seek out meats labeled “organic,” “hormone-free,” or “raised without antibiotics.” Incorporating plant-based proteins and rotating protein sources can further minimize exposure to potential hormone disruptors present in non-organic meats.

21. Potatoes (Fried and Processed)

Fried and processed potato products, such as French fries, potato chips, and hash browns, are popular comfort foods but may have negative effects on testosterone levels. These foods are often prepared using oils high in trans fats and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which have been associated with suppressed testosterone synthesis and increased oxidative stress in the body (NCBI). Additionally, processed potato products commonly contain added salt and preservatives that can further disrupt hormonal balance.

When comparing baked versus fried potatoes, baked potatoes prepared with minimal added fat and salt retain more nutrients and do not expose the body to the harmful byproducts generated during deep frying. Studies indicate that diets high in fried or processed potato products are associated with increased inflammation, poorer metabolic health, and a greater risk of testosterone decline (ScienceDirect).

To support hormone health and maintain optimal testosterone levels, it is best to choose whole potatoes and prepare them by baking, steaming, or roasting. Avoiding highly processed and fried varieties helps limit exposure to unhealthy fats and additives, promoting a healthier endocrine environment.

22. Diet Sodas

Diet sodas are marketed as a calorie-free alternative to sugary drinks, but concerns remain about their potential effects on hormone balance. Regular consumption of diet sodas often exposes individuals to artificial sweeteners such as aspartame, sucralose, and saccharin. Emerging research suggests that these sweeteners may influence the endocrine system and could be linked to hormonal changes, including reductions in testosterone levels (NCBI).

Some studies have indicated that chronic intake of artificial sweeteners can disrupt the gut microbiome and metabolic processes, which may indirectly affect testosterone production. Animal and limited human research on aspartame, in particular, has shown possible negative effects on reproductive hormones and testicular health (ScienceDirect). While these effects are still being debated and more human data is needed, the potential risks are enough for health experts to recommend caution for those at risk of hormonal imbalances.

For optimal hormone health, it is advisable to replace diet sodas with water, herbal teas, or naturally flavored sparkling water. These alternatives support hydration and overall well-being without the possible endocrine-disrupting effects of artificial sweeteners.

23. Granola Bars

Granola bars are often marketed as healthy snacks, but many commercial varieties contain high amounts of added sugar, processed grains, and artificial ingredients. Excessive sugar intake can trigger spikes in blood glucose and insulin, which over time may lead to insulin resistance—a condition associated with reduced testosterone production and hormonal imbalance (NCBI). In addition, processed ingredients and preservatives found in many store-bought granola bars can contribute to inflammation and oxidative stress, both of which negatively impact endocrine health.

When comparing homemade vs. commercial granola bars, homemade options offer greater control over ingredients, allowing the use of whole grains, natural sweeteners, and healthy fats. Store-bought bars, in contrast, often rely on refined sugars, syrups, and hydrogenated oils to enhance taste and shelf life, which can undermine their nutritional value (ScienceDirect).

To support hormone balance and maintain healthy testosterone levels, it is wise to read nutrition labels carefully and opt for granola bars with minimal added sugar and recognizable, whole-food ingredients. Alternatively, making granola bars at home ensures a hormone-friendly snack tailored to your needs.

24. Certain Herbal Teas

Certain herbal teas—notably spearmint and licorice—have been studied for their potential to influence testosterone levels. Spearmint tea, in particular, contains compounds that may reduce free testosterone in the body by exerting anti-androgenic effects. Clinical trials in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have shown significant decreases in testosterone after daily spearmint tea consumption (NCBI). Although this may be beneficial for women with androgen excess, it can have unintended consequences for those seeking to preserve healthy testosterone levels.

Similarly, licorice root tea is rich in glycyrrhizin, which has been shown to suppress testosterone synthesis by interfering with critical enzymes involved in hormone production. Human studies indicate that even moderate consumption of licorice tea can lead to measurable declines in serum testosterone (NCBI).

For tea drinkers who are mindful of their testosterone or hormonal balance, it is advisable to enjoy a variety of herbal teas and avoid excessive intake of those known to influence hormones. Rotating between different types of teas can help minimize the risk of disrupting endocrine health.

25. Margarine

Margarine is a common butter substitute made primarily from vegetable oils that have undergone hydrogenation, a process that creates trans fats. These hydrogenated fats are known to negatively affect hormone balance by increasing inflammation and oxidative stress, which can impair testicular function and suppress testosterone production (NCBI). Studies have linked high trans fat consumption, including from margarine, to lower testosterone levels and poorer reproductive health in men.

When comparing butter and margarine, butter is a natural fat derived from animal cream and contains mostly saturated fats without trans fats if consumed in moderation. Margarine, especially older or stick varieties, is often high in trans fats and artificial additives, making it less favorable for hormonal health. Some newer margarines are reformulated to contain little or no trans fats, but they may still include processed vegetable oils that can disrupt hormone production (Harvard Health).

For those seeking to protect testosterone and overall health, it is best to choose natural fats such as real butter, olive oil, or avocado oil. These fats provide nutritional benefits without the endocrine-disrupting effects of hydrogenated oils.

26. White Rice

White rice is a staple food in many cultures but is highly processed, with the bran and germ removed during milling. This processing strips away most of the fiber, vitamins, and minerals, resulting in a carbohydrate source that is quickly digested and absorbed. The rapid rise in blood sugar following white rice consumption leads to a spike in insulin, and over time, frequent blood sugar and insulin surges can contribute to insulin resistance, a condition known to negatively affect testosterone production (NCBI).

When comparing brown rice and white rice, brown rice retains its fiber and nutrient-rich outer layers, leading to slower digestion and a more gradual increase in blood sugar. Studies indicate that diets rich in whole grains like brown rice are associated with improved metabolic and hormonal health, including higher testosterone levels, whereas a diet heavy in refined grains such as white rice is linked to lower testosterone and increased risk of metabolic disorders (American Journal of Clinical Nutrition).

To protect hormone balance, especially testosterone, it is beneficial to choose whole grains such as brown rice, quinoa, or barley, which support stable blood sugar and better overall endocrine health.

27. Flavored Yogurts

Flavored yogurts are a popular snack and breakfast choice, but many varieties contain high amounts of added sugars and artificial flavors. Excessive sugar intake can lead to rapid spikes in blood glucose and insulin, which over time may result in insulin resistance—an established factor in lowering testosterone levels (NCBI). Artificial flavors and sweeteners can further disrupt metabolic processes and potentially influence hormonal health.

When comparing plain vs. flavored yogurts, plain yogurt contains no added sugars, fewer artificial ingredients, and retains its natural nutrients and probiotics. Flavored yogurts, on the other hand, often contain as much sugar as desserts and may be laced with syrups, artificial colorings, and stabilizers, all of which can be detrimental to both metabolic and hormonal balance (NCBI).

For those looking to protect testosterone and overall endocrine health, it is advisable to choose plain yogurt. Adding fresh fruit, nuts, or a drizzle of honey can enhance flavor naturally, providing a hormone-friendly and nutrient-rich alternative to processed, sugar-laden varieties.

28. Commercial Salad Dressings

Commercial salad dressings, often found on grocery store shelves, frequently contain high amounts of added sugars, trans fats from partially hydrogenated oils, and artificial preservatives. These ingredients can disrupt metabolic health and have been associated with negative effects on hormone balance, including testosterone suppression. Trans fats in particular are known to increase inflammation and oxidative stress, which can impair testicular function and reduce testosterone production (NCBI). Excess sugar intake can also contribute to insulin resistance, further compounding hormonal imbalances.

When comparing homemade vs. store-bought dressings, homemade options offer greater control over ingredients, allowing you to use healthy fats such as olive oil, fresh herbs, and natural acids like lemon juice or vinegar. Store-bought dressings, on the other hand, often rely on sugar, low-quality oils, and stabilizers for flavor and shelf life (ScienceDirect).

To minimize hormone disruption and support overall health, consider making your own salad dressings at home. Simple recipes with olive oil, vinegar, mustard, and fresh seasonings are quick to prepare, free from harmful additives, and far healthier for hormone balance than many store-bought alternatives.

29. High-Fat Ice Cream

High-fat ice cream is a beloved dessert but can have negative consequences for hormone health, especially testosterone. Traditional ice creams are typically loaded with saturated fat from cream and whole milk, combined with high levels of added sugars. Diets rich in saturated fats and sugars have been shown to promote inflammation, increase insulin resistance, and disrupt the hormonal axis that regulates testosterone production (NCBI).

When comparing plant-based and dairy ice creams, many plant-based versions are made with coconut or palm oils, which can also be high in saturated fat. However, some plant-based options use healthier fat sources and contain less sugar, making them a slightly better choice for hormone balance. Regardless of the base, excessive consumption of any high-sugar, high-fat dessert can contribute to metabolic and hormonal imbalances (NCBI).

For those concerned about testosterone and overall health, moderation is key. Enjoy ice cream as an occasional treat, opt for varieties with lower sugar and healthier fat sources, and consider smaller portion sizes to minimize potential negative effects on hormone production.

30. Ready Meals

Ready meals, also known as convenience or microwave meals, are widely used for their ease and speed. However, these products often contain high levels of preservatives, artificial additives, and sodium, all of which can have a negative impact on hormone health. Preservatives such as nitrates and phosphates may disrupt endocrine function, while excess sodium intake is linked to hypertension and reduced blood flow to hormone-producing organs, potentially lowering testosterone (NCBI).

When comparing fresh and frozen ready meals, fresh options may be less likely to contain high levels of preservatives, but both can be loaded with sodium and additives. Studies indicate that frequent consumption of processed, convenience foods is associated with greater risk of metabolic disorders and hormone imbalances, including lower testosterone levels (NCBI).

To reduce exposure to hormone-disrupting ingredients, it’s best to prepare meals at home using fresh, whole ingredients. Simple meal prep strategies—such as batch cooking and freezing individual portions—can provide the convenience of ready meals without the risks posed by preservatives and excess sodium.

31. Popcorn (Microwave)

Microwave popcorn is a convenient and popular snack, but concerns have been raised about the chemicals used in its packaging. Substances such as perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and other perfluorinated compounds are often found in the linings of microwave popcorn bags to prevent oil from soaking through. These chemicals are classified as endocrine disruptors and have been linked to hormone imbalances, including possible reductions in testosterone levels (NCBI).

Comparing air-popped vs. microwave popcorn, air-popped popcorn is made without chemical-laden packaging and allows control over oils and seasonings, making it a healthier choice for hormone balance. Microwave popcorn, on the other hand, not only exposes consumers to potentially harmful packaging chemicals, but often contains artificial flavors, trans fats, and excess sodium, which can further disrupt endocrine health (ScienceDirect).

For a safer snack, opt for air-popping popcorn at home using a hot air popper or stove-top method with a healthy oil like olive or avocado oil. Season with natural herbs and spices to enhance flavor without risking hormone-disrupting additives.

32. Instant Noodles

Instant noodles are a popular and affordable meal option, but they often come with significant health drawbacks. These products typically contain high levels of sodium, artificial flavors, and preservatives such as tertiary-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ). Excessive sodium intake is associated with increased blood pressure, which can impair blood flow to hormone-producing organs and contribute to reduced testosterone levels (NCBI). Chemical preservatives like TBHQ have also been identified as potential endocrine disruptors, with research suggesting they may negatively impact reproductive and hormone health (NCBI).

Studies have linked frequent consumption of highly processed convenience foods, including instant noodles, to metabolic disturbances and hormone changes, including lower testosterone. These effects are amplified when instant noodles are consumed as a dietary staple rather than an occasional meal (NCBI).

To protect endocrine health and support healthy testosterone levels, it is advisable to limit instant noodle consumption. Instead, choose whole grain noodles and add fresh vegetables and lean proteins for a more balanced, hormone-friendly meal.

33. Frozen Pizzas

Frozen pizzas are a popular convenience food, but they are often loaded with high sodium, trans fats, and artificial preservatives. The combination of these ingredients can have a detrimental effect on hormone health, including testosterone levels. Excess sodium intake is linked to elevated blood pressure and impaired blood flow to hormone-producing organs, while trans fats are known to increase inflammation and reduce testicular function, leading to lower testosterone production (NCBI).

When contrasting homemade and frozen pizza, homemade versions allow greater control over the quality and quantity of ingredients. Whole grain crusts, fresh tomato sauce, lean proteins, and plenty of vegetables can make pizza a much healthier option. Frozen pizzas, on the other hand, tend to rely on processed meats, refined flour, and hydrogenated oils, all of which may contribute to hormonal imbalance and metabolic concerns (NCBI).

To enjoy pizza without compromising hormone health, opt for homemade pizzas with wholesome toppings like spinach, mushrooms, grilled chicken, and minimal cheese. This approach supports testosterone and overall well-being while still satisfying pizza cravings.

34. Chicken Nuggets

Chicken nuggets, a staple in fast food and family meals, are typically made from highly processed meats combined with fillers, preservatives, and artificial flavorings. These additives can include high levels of sodium, trans fats, and phosphates, all of which have been linked to endocrine disruption and potential reductions in testosterone levels (NCBI). The use of low-quality meat and chemical additives in commercial chicken nuggets may also increase inflammation and oxidative stress, further compromising hormone health.

Comparing homemade to commercial chicken nuggets reveals significant differences. Homemade nuggets, prepared with whole chicken breast, minimal salt, and natural seasonings, allow for control over ingredients and cooking methods. In contrast, commercial varieties often contain a long list of additives and are typically fried in oils high in unhealthy fats, compounding their negative effects on testosterone and overall wellness (ScienceDirect).

For better hormone health, consider making chicken nuggets at home and control portion size. Baking instead of frying and using whole, fresh ingredients can provide a healthier alternative that satisfies cravings without exposing the body to hormone-disrupting additives.

35. Vegetable Shortening

Vegetable shortening is a common ingredient in many commercial baked goods, pastries, and fried foods. It is typically made from partially hydrogenated oils, which are high in trans fats. These trans fats have been conclusively linked to a variety of negative health outcomes, including inflammation, insulin resistance, and most notably, lower testosterone production. Trans fats disrupt testicular function and interfere with the body’s natural hormone synthesis, leading to a measurable decline in testosterone levels (NCBI).

Vegetable shortening is commonly found in products such as cookies, pie crusts, crackers, and even some breads. Regular consumption of these foods increases the risk of hormonal imbalances and metabolic diseases. Studies have shown that men with diets high in trans fats from shortening and similar sources experience significantly lower testosterone compared to those who avoid such fats (ScienceDirect).

To support healthy hormone levels, it is recommended to replace shortening with healthier alternatives such as olive oil, avocado oil, or coconut oil when baking or cooking. These natural fats provide beneficial nutrients and do not carry the endocrine-disrupting effects of trans fats.

36. Commercial Breakfast Cereals

Commercial breakfast cereals are a popular choice for a quick morning meal but often contain high amounts of added sugar and processed grains. Many mainstream cereals are made from refined flour and sweetened with sugars or syrups, leading to rapid blood sugar spikes and increased insulin production. Chronic high insulin levels can promote insulin resistance, a known contributor to reduced testosterone synthesis and overall hormonal imbalance (NCBI).

When compared to whole grain cereal options, processed cereals lack fiber, vitamins, and minerals that support stable blood sugar and metabolic health. Whole grain cereals, such as steel-cut oats or low-sugar muesli, digest more slowly and provide sustained energy without the hormone-disrupting effects of refined carbohydrates and excess sugar (American Journal of Clinical Nutrition).

To protect hormone health and maintain optimal testosterone levels, it is important to read cereal labels carefully. Look for products with whole grains listed as the first ingredient, minimal added sugars, and a short, recognizable ingredient list for a healthier start to the day.

37. Deli Meats

Deli meats such as ham, turkey, salami, and roast beef are convenient protein sources but often contain high levels of nitrates, sodium, and various preservatives. Nitrates and nitrites are commonly used to enhance color and shelf life, yet research suggests that these additives can act as endocrine disruptors, potentially interfering with hormone synthesis and reducing testosterone levels (NCBI). Excess sodium in deli meats also contributes to elevated blood pressure, which can impair blood flow to hormone-producing organs and indirectly suppress testosterone production.

When comparing fresh versus processed meats, fresh cuts like chicken breast, turkey, or lean beef are free from chemical preservatives and contain far less sodium. Studies have consistently found that diets emphasizing processed meats are linked to lower testosterone levels and a higher risk of metabolic and cardiovascular disorders compared to those prioritizing fresh, whole proteins (NCBI).

To support hormone health, it’s best to enjoy deli meats in moderation and favor fresh, unprocessed meats. If choosing deli meats, look for options labeled “nitrate-free” and low in sodium to minimize potential endocrine disruption.

38. Commercial Baked Beans

Commercial baked beans, typically found in canned form, are a convenient source of plant-based protein and fiber. However, they often contain added sugars and high levels of sodium to enhance flavor and shelf life. Excessive sugar and sodium intake can disrupt metabolic health and have been linked to insulin resistance and elevated blood pressure, both of which are associated with suppressed testosterone production and hormonal imbalance (NCBI).

Homemade baked beans provide a healthier alternative, allowing for full control over the amount of sugar and salt used. By preparing baked beans from scratch with natural ingredients, it’s possible to reduce the risk of hormone disruption while still enjoying their nutritional benefits. Studies emphasize that diets high in processed, sugar-laden foods are correlated with lower testosterone and adverse endocrine outcomes, making it wise to limit commercially prepared options (NCBI).

For a more hormone-friendly dish, consider making baked beans at home using minimal sweeteners or opting for reduced-sugar and low-sodium canned varieties. Adding herbs, spices, or a splash of vinegar can boost flavor without compromising endocrine health.

39. Energy Drinks

Energy drinks have gained popularity for their promise of enhanced alertness and stamina, but their high levels of caffeine and added sugars can negatively affect hormone health, including testosterone levels. Large doses of caffeine, especially when combined with excessive sugar, can elevate stress hormones like cortisol, which in turn may suppress testosterone production (NCBI). Additionally, the sugar content in energy drinks can lead to rapid spikes in blood glucose and insulin, contributing to insulin resistance and further hormonal disruption.

When comparing energy drinks to coffee, coffee contains caffeine but is typically consumed without added sugars and artificial ingredients. Studies suggest that moderate coffee intake is generally safe for hormone balance, while regular consumption of energy drinks is more closely linked with negative endocrine effects and fluctuating testosterone levels (NCBI).

To protect testosterone and overall hormone health, it is advisable to limit energy drink consumption. Choose coffee or herbal teas without added sugars as alternative sources of caffeine, and prioritize hydration through water for sustained energy without hormone-disrupting side effects.

40. Commercial Peanut Butter

Commercial peanut butter is a popular staple in many households, but not all varieties are created equal. Many mainstream brands contain added oils—often partially hydrogenated oils high in trans fats—as well as added sugars and emulsifiers to improve texture and shelf life. Trans fats and excessive sugar intake can disrupt metabolic processes and have been linked to lower testosterone levels by increasing inflammation and interfering with hormone synthesis (NCBI).

When comparing natural and commercial peanut butters, natural varieties are made from just peanuts or peanuts and a small amount of salt. These options contain healthy monounsaturated fats and protein, without the added sugars or trans fats that can negatively impact endocrine health. Commercial varieties, while convenient, often sacrifice nutritional integrity for taste and texture, increasing the risk of long-term hormonal imbalances (NCBI).

For those mindful of hormone health and testosterone, it is important to check labels carefully and choose peanut butters with minimal ingredients. Opt for natural or organic brands, and avoid products with hydrogenated oils or added sugars to support a healthier hormonal environment.

41. Flavored Coffees

Flavored coffees have become a popular indulgence, often featuring sweetened syrups, flavored creamers, and whipped toppings. These additions can dramatically increase the sugar and artificial fat content of a seemingly simple cup of coffee. High sugar intake is linked to insulin resistance, a hormonal imbalance that can reduce testosterone over time (NCBI). Many creamers contain trans fats or partially hydrogenated oils, which are associated with inflammation and suppressed testosterone production (NCBI).

In stark contrast, black coffee provides caffeine and antioxidants without the hormone-disrupting effects of added sugars or artificial fats. Research shows that moderate coffee consumption, when not accompanied by high-calorie additives, has little to no negative impact on testosterone or overall hormone health. However, turning coffee into a dessert-like beverage by regularly adding flavored syrups and creamers can undermine these benefits and contribute to endocrine disruption.

To protect hormone balance, it is best to customize coffee mindfully. Choose black coffee or add a splash of milk or unsweetened plant-based milk. For flavor, consider cinnamon or pure vanilla extract rather than sugar-laden syrups or artificial creamers.

42. BBQ Sauces

Commercial BBQ sauces are often packed with added sugars, high-fructose corn syrup, and a variety of preservatives to enhance flavor and extend shelf life. High sugar content can cause rapid spikes in blood glucose and insulin, which over time contributes to insulin resistance—a key factor in lower testosterone and overall hormonal disruption (NCBI). Preservatives and artificial flavorings found in many bottled sauces may also act as endocrine disruptors, further impacting hormone balance.

Homemade BBQ sauces provide a healthier alternative, allowing you to control the amount and type of sweetener used, as well as avoid chemical preservatives. By using natural ingredients like tomato paste, vinegar, spices, and a modest amount of honey or maple syrup, you can create a flavorful sauce that supports metabolic and hormonal health (NCBI).

For those wishing to minimize hormone disruption, read ingredient labels on commercial BBQ sauces and seek out reduced-sugar versions or make your own at home. Experimenting with spices and natural sweeteners can enhance taste without the hormonal risks associated with excess sugar and additives.

43. Sports Drinks

Sports drinks are commonly marketed as hydration solutions for athletes and active individuals, but many contain excess sugar, artificial colors, and preservatives. The high sugar content can lead to spikes in blood glucose and insulin, which, when consumed frequently, may contribute to insulin resistance and a subsequent decline in testosterone levels (NCBI). Additionally, the artificial flavors and colorants found in these beverages are associated with endocrine disruption and may further impact hormonal balance.

When comparing water and sports drinks, plain water remains the best choice for hydration for most people, especially during moderate exercise or daily activities. Sports drinks may be beneficial in high-endurance or extreme heat situations, but for the average consumer, their sugar and additive content outweighs any potential benefit (NCBI).

For a healthier alternative, consider making homemade electrolyte drinks using water, a pinch of sea salt, and a splash of natural fruit juice for flavor and mineral content. This approach offers the necessary hydration and electrolytes without the hormonal downsides of store-bought sports drinks.

44. Packaged Snack Cakes

Packaged snack cakes, such as cupcakes, pastries, and cream-filled treats, are frequently made with trans fats from partially hydrogenated oils and large amounts of added sugars. Both of these ingredients are well-documented for their negative effects on hormone health. Trans fats increase inflammation and oxidative stress, impairing testicular function and leading to reduced testosterone levels (NCBI). Excess sugars contribute to insulin resistance, which can further disrupt hormonal balance and suppress testosterone production (NCBI).

In contrast, whole food snacks like fruit, nuts, or yogurt provide nutrients, fiber, and healthy fats that support overall metabolic and hormonal health. These options are free from artificial additives and harmful fats, making them a much better choice for maintaining optimal testosterone levels.

To protect hormone balance, it is best to enjoy packaged snack cakes only occasionally and prioritize whole, nutrient-dense snacks most of the time. Reading nutrition labels and opting for products with minimal processed ingredients can also help reduce exposure to endocrine-disrupting trans fats and sugars.

45. Corn Syrup-Heavy Foods

High fructose corn syrup (HFCS) is a common sweetener in many processed foods and beverages, including sodas, candies, baked goods, and breakfast cereals. Excessive consumption of HFCS is strongly linked to insulin resistance, a condition that disrupts the endocrine system and can lead to reduced testosterone production (NCBI). Studies have shown that diets high in HFCS and other refined sweeteners are associated with lower testosterone levels, increased inflammation, and higher risk for metabolic syndrome (NCBI).

Research comparing different sweeteners indicates that HFCS may have a more pronounced negative impact on metabolic and hormonal health compared to natural sugars found in fruit. This is due to the rapid absorption and metabolism of fructose from HFCS, which can overwhelm the liver and promote fat accumulation, further contributing to hormonal imbalances.

For those seeking to maintain healthy testosterone levels and overall endocrine function, it is recommended to replace HFCS-laden foods with whole fruit. Whole fruit provides natural sweetness along with fiber, vitamins, and antioxidants, supporting stable blood sugar and better hormonal health.

46. Restaurant Fried Rice

Restaurant fried rice is a flavorful and convenient dish, but it often contains ingredients that may negatively affect testosterone levels. Many restaurants use vegetable oils high in polyunsaturated fats or even trans fats, which have been linked to inflammation and reduced testosterone production (NCBI). Furthermore, restaurant fried rice typically has high sodium content due to the liberal use of soy sauce and other seasonings, and may also include artificial flavor enhancers such as monosodium glutamate (MSG). Excess sodium and certain additives can disrupt endocrine function and increase the risk of high blood pressure, which is indirectly associated with lower testosterone (NCBI).

In contrast, homemade fried rice allows for greater control over the type of oil, amount of salt, and quality of ingredients used. Healthier cooking oils such as olive oil or avocado oil, along with fresh vegetables and lean proteins, can transform fried rice into a hormone-friendly meal.

To support testosterone and overall health, choose to prepare fried rice at home and substitute high-sodium sauces and unhealthy oils with nutrient-rich, minimally processed alternatives.

47. Flavored Nut Milks

Flavored nut milks, such as almond, cashew, or oat milk, have become popular alternatives to dairy, but many commercial varieties are loaded with added sugars, gums, and stabilizers. Excess sugar intake can lead to spikes in insulin and, over time, promote insulin resistance—a metabolic condition linked to lower testosterone levels and disrupted hormonal balance (NCBI). Additionally, some gums and thickeners (like carrageenan and guar gum) are associated with digestive and inflammatory responses, which may indirectly influence hormone health.

When comparing unsweetened vs. sweetened nut milks, unsweetened options are free of added sugars and usually have a simpler ingredient list, minimizing the risk of negative endocrine effects. Sweetened varieties, on the other hand, often contain as much sugar as a soft drink, which can undermine the perceived health benefits of choosing a plant-based milk (NCBI).

To protect hormone and testosterone levels, it is wise to read nutrition labels carefully and select unsweetened, minimally processed nut milks. Consider making nut milk at home for full control over ingredients and to avoid unnecessary additives altogether.

48. Cereal Bars

Cereal bars are often marketed as healthy on-the-go snacks, but many commercial varieties are packed with added sugars, processed grains, and artificial flavors. High sugar content can lead to spikes in blood glucose and insulin, which over time increases the risk of insulin resistance and has been associated with reduced testosterone levels and hormonal imbalance (NCBI). Processed ingredients and preservatives commonly found in these bars can also contribute to inflammation, further impacting endocrine health.

In comparison, homemade cereal bar recipes allow for greater control over the quality and quantity of ingredients used. Using whole grains, natural sweeteners like honey or dates, and nutrient-dense add-ins such as nuts and seeds can create a more hormone-friendly snack. Homemade bars typically contain fewer artificial additives and less sugar than their store-bought counterparts (NCBI).

For those concerned about testosterone and overall hormone health, it is best to choose natural snacks such as fresh fruit, nuts, or homemade energy bars. Reading labels and avoiding bars with long ingredient lists or high sugar content can help support a balanced endocrine system.

49. Commercial Trail Mix

Commercial trail mix is often promoted as a healthy snack, but many packaged varieties are loaded with added sweets like chocolate candies, sugar-coated dried fruits, and processed oils. These ingredients can contribute to excessive sugar and unhealthy fat intake, both of which have been linked to insulin resistance, increased inflammation, and reduced testosterone levels (NCBI). Processed oils, such as those high in omega-6 polyunsaturated fats or trans fats, may further disrupt hormone synthesis and negatively affect endocrine health (NCBI).

When comparing DIY and commercial trail mix, homemade options allow for careful selection of wholesome ingredients such as raw or dry-roasted nuts, unsweetened dried fruits, seeds, and a moderate amount of dark chocolate. This reduces unnecessary additives and supports a better balance of healthy fats and nutrients.

To support testosterone and hormone health, it is advisable to create your own trail mix at home. Focus on using unsalted nuts, seeds, and naturally sweet dried fruit, and avoid mixes with added candies or processed oils. This approach delivers lasting energy and nutritional benefits without the endocrine-disrupting drawbacks.

50. Sweetened Applesauce

Sweetened applesauce is a convenient snack or ingredient, but many commercial versions contain significant amounts of added sugars. Consuming foods high in added sugar can cause spikes in blood glucose and insulin, leading to insulin resistance over time—a condition linked to disrupted hormone balance and decreased testosterone levels (NCBI). Frequent intake of sweetened products, even those made from fruit, may contribute to metabolic disturbances and negatively affect endocrine health.

In comparison, unsweetened and homemade applesauce offer a healthier alternative, as they contain only the natural sugars found in apples and retain more of the fruit’s fiber, vitamins, and antioxidants. Homemade applesauce allows for control over the ingredients, enabling you to add spices like cinnamon for flavor without increasing sugar content (NCBI).

For those aiming to support hormone health and maintain healthy testosterone levels, it is best to choose unsweetened applesauce or make your own at home. Enhance flavor naturally with spices or a small amount of lemon juice, and avoid products with added syrups or sweeteners to help maintain better endocrine balance.

Conclusion

Recognizing the wide range of foods that may lower testosterone is crucial for anyone concerned about hormonal health. Dietary choices play a significant role in maintaining hormonal balance, and being mindful of ingredients—especially added sugars, trans fats, and artificial additives—can help support optimal testosterone levels. Regularly reviewing nutrition labels and opting for whole, minimally processed foods makes a meaningful impact. If you suspect hormonal issues or experience persistent symptoms, consider consulting a healthcare professional for personalized guidance or hormone screening (Endocrine Society). Proactive dietary awareness, combined with professional advice, empowers individuals to take charge of their health and well-being.

Disclaimer

The information provided in this article is for general informational purposes only. While we strive to keep the information up-to-date and correct, we make no representations or warranties of any kind, express or implied, about the completeness, accuracy, reliability, suitability, or availability with respect to the article or the information, products, services, or related graphics contained in the article for any purpose. Any reliance you place on such information is therefore strictly at your own risk.

In no event will we be liable for any loss or damage including without limitation, indirect or consequential loss or damage, or any loss or damage whatsoever arising from loss of data or profits arising out of, or in connection with, the use of this article.

Through this article you are able to link to other websites which are not under our control. We have no control over the nature, content, and availability of those sites. The inclusion of any links does not necessarily imply a recommendation or endorse the views expressed within them.

Every effort is made to keep the article up and running smoothly. However, we take no responsibility for, and will not be liable for, the article being temporarily unavailable due to technical issues beyond our control.