Hidden Signs of Vitamin A Deficiency

1. Persistent Dry Eyes

Vitamin A is essential for maintaining the health of the eye’s surface and ensuring proper tear production. This vital nutrient helps create the mucous components of tears, which keep eyes moist and protect against irritants. When vitamin A levels are insufficient, the eyes can become abnormally dry, a condition known as xerophthalmia. Persistent dryness may cause a gritty or burning sensation, often leading individuals to attribute their symptoms to allergies or environmental factors instead of an underlying deficiency.

Ignoring chronic dry eyes can have serious consequences, as prolonged dryness increases the risk of eye infections, corneal ulcers, and even permanent vision loss. If you experience ongoing dryness, redness, or discomfort in your eyes that does not improve with over-the-counter drops or allergy treatments, it’s important to schedule a comprehensive eye examination. Early intervention can prevent more severe complications. For more information on the link between vitamin A and eye health, visit the American Academy of Ophthalmology.

2. Night Blindness

Vitamin A plays a crucial role in the production of rhodopsin, a light-sensitive pigment found in the retina that enables the eyes to adjust and see in low-light conditions. Without sufficient vitamin A, rhodopsin cannot be regenerated effectively, leading to difficulties seeing in dim environments—a condition known as night blindness or nyctalopia. Unlike typical age-related vision changes, which might cause a gradual reduction in overall visual acuity, night blindness specifically impairs the ability to see in darkness or when moving from brightly lit to dimly lit areas.

People with vitamin A deficiency may find themselves struggling to drive at night, stumbling in poorly lit rooms, or taking longer to adapt to darkness after exposure to bright light. If these symptoms are frequent and disruptive, they should not be dismissed as normal aging. Testing your vision in low-light settings, such as reading a book or navigating a room with the lights dimmed, can help identify potential issues. If night vision problems persist, it is important to seek professional assessment. For more on the relationship between vitamin A and night vision, refer to the National Institutes of Health resource.

3. Frequent Respiratory Infections

Vitamin A is a key player in maintaining a robust immune system. It supports the production and function of white blood cells, which defend the body against pathogens and help prevent infections. When vitamin A levels are inadequate, the body’s immune response is compromised, making it easier for viruses and bacteria to take hold. This is particularly evident in children, who may experience repeated bouts of colds, bronchitis, or other respiratory illnesses due to weakened immunity.

For example, studies have shown that children with vitamin A deficiency are more susceptible to severe and recurrent respiratory infections, such as pneumonia and measles. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention highlights that vitamin A supplementation can significantly reduce the severity and frequency of these illnesses in at-risk populations. If you or your child experience a pattern of frequent respiratory infections—such as multiple colds in a single season or repeated episodes of coughing and congestion—it is important to consider nutritional factors. Monitoring and addressing these patterns early can help prevent more serious health complications related to immune deficiency.

4. Rough, Scaly Skin

Vitamin A is crucial for healthy skin, as it promotes the growth and differentiation of skin cells and supports the natural process of cell turnover. Without adequate vitamin A, the skin’s outer layer can become dry, rough, and thickened. One classic sign of deficiency is follicular hyperkeratosis, a condition where keratin—a protein in the skin—builds up around hair follicles, causing small, hard bumps that feel like sandpaper, often on the back of the arms, thighs, or buttocks.

Persistent rough, scaly patches that don’t improve with moisturizers or typical skin care may be an early signal of vitamin A deficiency. These changes can sometimes be mistaken for common conditions like eczema or seasonal dryness. However, if you notice stubborn roughness, especially in conjunction with other symptoms of poor nutrition, it is important to take it seriously. Regularly monitoring your skin for such patches can prompt early intervention. For more information on vitamin A’s role in skin health and related disorders, visit the DermNet NZ website, a trusted dermatology resource.

5. Delayed Wound Healing

Vitamin A is indispensable for proper cell growth, tissue repair, and collagen synthesis—all essential components of the body’s healing process. When the skin is injured, vitamin A promotes the regeneration of epithelial cells and stimulates the production of collagen, which is necessary for forming strong, resilient scar tissue. Adequate levels of this vitamin help wounds close faster and reduce the risk of infection.

People with vitamin A deficiency may notice that minor cuts, scrapes, or sores take longer than usual to heal. This delayed wound healing can sometimes be confused with other medical conditions, such as diabetes, which is also known to impair the body’s repair mechanisms. However, if you do not have underlying conditions like diabetes and still experience protracted healing times, it may signal a nutritional shortfall. Monitoring how long it takes for your wounds to close compared to previous experiences or to the healing times of others can offer valuable clues. For further details on the role of vitamin A in wound healing, see this article from the National Institutes of Health.

6. Frequent Throat and Mouth Infections

Vitamin A is vital for the maintenance of healthy mucosal barriers in the mouth and throat, which serve as the body’s first line of defense against pathogens. This nutrient helps to preserve the integrity and moisture of the mucous membranes, reducing susceptibility to infection and inflammation. When vitamin A is lacking, these protective barriers weaken, making it easier for bacteria and fungi to invade and cause frequent infections.

Individuals with vitamin A deficiency may experience recurring sore throats, mouth ulcers, or conditions resembling oral thrush, which is characterized by white patches and discomfort in the mouth. These symptoms can be mistaken for common viral or fungal infections, but their persistence or recurrence should raise suspicion of an underlying nutritional issue. If you notice repeated infections, chronic mouth sores, or slow healing of oral tissues, it may be time to assess your vitamin A status. For additional information on the relationship between vitamin A and mucosal health, refer to this resource from the National Institutes of Health.

7. Bitot’s Spots

Bitot’s spots are distinctive, foamy, whitish-gray lesions that appear on the conjunctiva—the white part of the eye. These spots are composed of keratin and are considered a classic clinical sign of prolonged vitamin A deficiency. Most often, Bitot’s spots form on the exposed surfaces of the eyes and are typically triangular in shape. They are not only unsightly but also indicate significant disruption of the eye’s protective mechanisms, placing individuals at greater risk for further complications such as corneal ulcers and vision loss.

Bitot’s spots are especially prevalent among children in developing regions, where vitamin A deficiency is more widespread due to poor dietary intake and limited access to supplementation. The presence of these lesions is a red flag for severe deficiency and should prompt immediate medical attention. Early detection and intervention are crucial to prevent irreversible eye damage. If you or your child notice unusual foamy patches on the eyes, seek an ophthalmic evaluation without delay. For more on Bitot’s spots and their connection to vitamin A deficiency, visit the National Institutes of Health resource.

8. Unexplained Fatigue

Vitamin A is not only important for vision and immunity but also plays a pivotal role in the body’s energy metabolism. It supports the normal function of mitochondria—the cellular powerhouses responsible for producing energy. When vitamin A levels are low, cells may struggle to generate adequate energy, resulting in persistent feelings of tiredness and sluggishness. This type of fatigue can be subtle and is often mistaken for the more commonly recognized fatigue associated with iron deficiency anemia.

Unlike iron deficiency, which directly impacts oxygen transport in the blood, vitamin A deficiency affects cellular metabolism and immune function. As a result, those affected may experience ongoing fatigue even when iron levels are normal. If you notice chronic tiredness that does not improve with rest, dietary changes, or increased sleep, it’s important to consider nutritional causes beyond iron. Pay attention to how long the fatigue persists and whether it is accompanied by other symptoms of vitamin A deficiency. For more insight on vitamin A and energy metabolism, see the information provided by the Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health.

9. Repeated Urinary Tract Infections

Vitamin A is crucial for maintaining the health and resilience of epithelial tissues lining various organs, including the urinary tract. These epithelial cells act as a barrier, protecting the urinary tract from invading bacteria and other pathogens. When vitamin A is deficient, the integrity of this protective lining is compromised, making it easier for harmful microbes to enter and cause infections. This can manifest as frequent or recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs), particularly in individuals who do not have other obvious risk factors.

While women, individuals with diabetes, or those with anatomical abnormalities are naturally at higher risk for UTIs, unexplained and repeated infections may signal an underlying nutritional issue. If you or a loved one experience UTIs more frequently than usual, especially in the absence of typical risk factors, it’s important to consider dietary causes such as inadequate vitamin A intake. Keeping a record of infection frequency and discussing these patterns with a healthcare provider can help in identifying root causes and preventing future episodes. For more information on vitamin A’s role in maintaining urinary tract health, refer to the National Institutes of Health resource.

10. Stunted Growth in Children

Vitamin A is essential for normal cell growth and differentiation, which are critical processes during childhood development. It supports the healthy growth of bones and tissues, as well as the function of hormones that regulate height and weight. When children lack sufficient vitamin A, their bodies may struggle to build new cells, resulting in stunted physical growth and delayed developmental milestones.

Stunted growth is a significant concern in regions where vitamin A deficiency is common. According to the World Health Organization, millions of children in low-income countries suffer from impaired growth due to inadequate vitamin A intake, with stunting rates often exceeding 20% in the most affected areas. Parents and caregivers should monitor their child’s height and weight regularly and be alert to deviations from standard growth curves. Consistent tracking can help identify early signs of growth faltering, allowing for timely dietary interventions. Proper supplementation and improved nutrition are critical to reversing the effects of vitamin A deficiency and ensuring healthy development in children.

11. Increased Risk of Measles Complications

Vitamin A deficiency is strongly associated with an increased risk of severe complications from measles, particularly among young children. Vitamin A is vital for maintaining immune function and the integrity of mucosal surfaces, both of which help protect against the spread and severity of infectious diseases. In vitamin A-deficient individuals, the immune system is less capable of containing the measles virus, leading to a higher incidence of complications such as pneumonia, diarrhea, and even blindness or death.

The World Health Organization reports that children with vitamin A deficiency are much more likely to die from measles compared to those with adequate vitamin A status. During measles outbreaks, the WHO recommends vitamin A supplementation to reduce the severity and mortality associated with the disease. This intervention has been shown to decrease the risk of adverse outcomes and support recovery. Parents and caregivers should be aware of the importance of vitamin A, especially if measles is present in the community, and seek supplementation when advised by healthcare authorities.

12. Hair Loss

Vitamin A plays a significant role in maintaining healthy hair through its influence on sebum production and the normal function of hair follicles. Sebum, a natural oil produced by sebaceous glands, keeps the scalp moisturized and supports hair health. Adequate vitamin A ensures the right balance of sebum, protecting hair from becoming dry, brittle, and prone to breakage. When vitamin A levels are too low, hair follicles can become unhealthy, leading to increased shedding and even patchy hair loss.

This type of hair loss differs from common male-pattern baldness, which is largely genetic and typically follows a predictable pattern. Hair loss due to vitamin A deficiency is often more diffuse and may be accompanied by other signs of poor nutrition, such as dry skin or brittle nails. If you notice unusual or excessive hair shedding, especially in conjunction with other symptoms of deficiency, it is important to consider your nutritional status and consult a healthcare provider. For more on how vitamin A deficiency impacts hair health, visit the Healthline overview of vitamin A deficiency symptoms.

13. Frequent Acne Flare-Ups

Vitamin A is essential for skin health, particularly in regulating sebum production and promoting the normal turnover of skin cells. It helps prevent the buildup of dead skin and excess oil that can clog pores and trigger acne. When vitamin A is deficient, the skin is more prone to blockages, inflammation, and subsequent breakouts. This nutrient’s role in supporting the integrity of the skin’s barrier also helps defend against the bacteria that can worsen acne.

Unlike hormonal acne, which is often cyclical and linked to puberty, menstruation, or stress, acne associated with vitamin A deficiency may present as persistent and widespread breakouts that do not respond well to typical over-the-counter treatments. If you notice chronic acne that is resistant to conventional therapies and occurs alongside other symptoms of poor nutrition, it’s important to consider the possibility of a deficiency. Paying attention to the frequency, severity, and response of your breakouts can offer valuable clues. For more information about vitamin A’s role in managing acne, review the National Institutes of Health’s article on vitamin A and acne.

14. Impaired Reproductive Health

Vitamin A is fundamental to reproductive health in both men and women. It supports the normal development and function of reproductive organs, regulates hormone production, and is essential for embryonic growth and fetal development. In women, vitamin A deficiency can contribute to irregular menstrual cycles, infertility, and an increased risk of complications during pregnancy, such as miscarriage or premature birth. For men, inadequate vitamin A can impair sperm production and quality, potentially leading to reduced fertility.

While folic acid deficiency is widely recognized for causing neural tube defects and other pregnancy-related complications, vitamin A plays a distinct but equally critical role in ensuring a healthy pregnancy and successful conception. It is also vital for the proper development of the placenta and the immune system of the growing fetus. Couples planning to conceive should consider comprehensive nutritional screening, including vitamin A status, as part of their preconception care. For more information on vitamin A and reproductive health, refer to the National Institutes of Health review on vitamins in reproduction.

15. Chronic Diarrhea

Vitamin A is vital for maintaining the health and integrity of the gut lining, which acts as a barrier against pathogens and helps regulate fluid absorption. When vitamin A levels are insufficient, the gut mucosa becomes more susceptible to infection and inflammation, increasing the risk of frequent or chronic diarrhea. This can lead to a dangerous cycle where diarrhea further depletes the body’s vitamin A stores, compounding the deficiency and impairing nutrient absorption even more.

Chronic diarrhea is a well-documented issue in malnourished populations, especially in children living in regions with high rates of vitamin A deficiency. The National Institutes of Health notes that vitamin A supplementation in these areas has been shown to reduce the severity and duration of diarrheal episodes, improving overall health outcomes. If you or your child experience persistent changes in bowel habits, particularly ongoing or recurrent diarrhea, it is important to consider underlying nutritional issues. Early recognition and treatment of vitamin A deficiency can help restore gut health and prevent long-term complications.

16. Pale or Yellowish Skin

Vitamin A plays a role in the formation and maintenance of healthy skin cells, including the regulation of skin pigmentation. When vitamin A is deficient, the skin may lose its normal tone, appearing unusually pale or taking on a subtle yellowish hue. This change results from altered cell turnover and can be compounded by the accumulation of carotenoids, plant-based precursors of vitamin A, which are not efficiently converted when the body is lacking the vitamin.

It’s important to distinguish this mild yellowing from jaundice, which is caused by elevated bilirubin and typically signals liver dysfunction. Unlike the deep yellow seen in jaundice—often accompanied by yellowing of the eyes—vitamin A deficiency tends to produce a more generalized and less intense change in skin color. If you observe persistent paleness or an unusual yellow tint, especially alongside other symptoms of deficiency, it may be time to review your nutritional intake or consult a healthcare professional. For additional information on how vitamin A impacts skin appearance, see the National Institutes of Health overview of vitamin A deficiency.

17. Sensitivity to Light

Vitamin A is crucial for maintaining the health of the retina and supporting normal pupil function, enabling the eyes to respond appropriately to changes in light. This nutrient aids in the regeneration of visual pigments, allowing the eyes to adjust between bright and dim environments. When vitamin A is deficient, the ability of the eyes to adapt to varying light levels can be impaired, resulting in an increased sensitivity to light—a condition known as photophobia.

Unlike the light sensitivity often experienced during migraines, which is typically accompanied by headache, nausea, or visual disturbances, vitamin A deficiency-related photophobia may occur independently and persist even in the absence of other neurological symptoms. Individuals may find themselves squinting in normal daylight or feeling discomfort in settings that were previously unproblematic. If you notice new or worsening sensitivity to light, particularly along with other eye or skin symptoms, it could indicate an underlying issue with vitamin A status. Early recognition can help prevent further vision complications. To learn more about the role of vitamin A in eye health and light sensitivity, visit the American Academy of Ophthalmology.

18. Recurrent Ear Infections

Vitamin A is essential for the maintenance and integrity of mucous membranes, including those lining the ear canals and Eustachian tubes. These membranes serve as a critical barrier against invading pathogens and help prevent infection by supporting the natural clearing of fluids and debris. When vitamin A levels are insufficient, the mucous membranes become less effective at their protective role, increasing susceptibility to repeated ear infections, especially in children.

Unlike ear infections triggered by allergies, which are often accompanied by seasonal symptoms such as congestion or itchy eyes, vitamin A deficiency-related infections tend to occur more frequently and may not be linked to obvious environmental triggers. Parents and caregivers should be vigilant if a child experiences multiple ear infections within a short period or if episodes recur throughout the year. Documenting these patterns can help healthcare providers identify potential nutritional causes. For more on the connection between vitamin A and ear health, refer to the National Institutes of Health article on vitamin A deficiency and infections.

19. Loss of Appetite

Vitamin A deficiency can have a significant impact on appetite and taste perception. This nutrient is involved in the maintenance and renewal of the mucosal lining of the mouth and digestive tract, which contributes to normal taste sensation and the regulation of hunger signals. When vitamin A is lacking, individuals may experience a blunted sense of taste or smell, making food less appealing and leading to a reduction in appetite. Over time, this can contribute to unintentional weight loss and exacerbate other symptoms of malnutrition.

Unlike appetite loss caused by stress, anxiety, or emotional disturbances—which often fluctuates with mood and circumstances—vitamin A deficiency-related appetite loss tends to be more persistent and may not improve with changes in environment or mental health status. If you notice a consistent decline in interest in food, changes in taste, or a reduction in the amount of food consumed over days or weeks, it’s important to track these patterns and discuss them with a healthcare provider. Persistent appetite loss, especially when accompanied by other signs of nutritional deficiency, should not be ignored. To learn more about vitamin A’s role in appetite regulation, see the National Institutes of Health resource.

20. Brittle Nails

Vitamin A is essential for the production and maintenance of keratin, a key structural protein that makes up the nails, skin, and hair. Adequate vitamin A supports the growth of strong, resilient nails by promoting healthy cell turnover and protecting against environmental damage. When vitamin A is deficient, nails can become thin, brittle, and more prone to cracking, splitting, or developing ridges. This symptom may develop gradually and is often overlooked as a minor cosmetic issue rather than a sign of underlying nutritional imbalance.

Brittle nails caused by vitamin A deficiency can resemble changes seen with iron deficiency, such as spoon-shaped or concave nails (koilonychia). However, vitamin A-related nail issues are more likely to be associated with other skin, hair, or vision problems. Observing your nails for increased fragility or changes in their texture and strength can provide important clues about your nutritional health. If you notice persistent brittleness that does not improve with dietary adjustments or nail care, it may be time to review your vitamin A intake. For more information on the connection between vitamin A and nail health, see the Healthline guide to vitamin A deficiency symptoms.

21. Frequent Nosebleeds

Vitamin A plays a vital role in maintaining the integrity and moisture of mucous membranes, including the delicate tissues lining the inside of the nose. When vitamin A levels are low, these membranes can become dry, thin, and easily irritated, making them more susceptible to cracking and bleeding. This increases the risk of frequent or unexplained nosebleeds, which may occur without obvious injury or provocation.

While nosebleeds are common in dry climates or during winter months when indoor air is less humid, those related to vitamin A deficiency tend to persist regardless of environmental conditions. If you notice that nosebleeds are happening more often, are difficult to control, or are accompanied by other symptoms of poor mucosal health—such as dry eyes or mouth ulcers—it may be a sign of an underlying nutritional deficiency. Keeping track of the frequency and circumstances of nosebleeds can help you and your healthcare provider identify patterns and determine whether a dietary intervention is needed. For more information about vitamin A’s role in mucous membrane health, visit the National Institutes of Health resource.

22. Poor Dental Health

Vitamin A is essential for maintaining the health of the oral mucosa and supporting the development and integrity of tooth enamel. This nutrient aids in the regeneration of the mucous membranes lining the mouth and helps form the protective outer layer of teeth, making them more resistant to decay and damage. When vitamin A is deficient, the oral tissues become more vulnerable to inflammation, infection, and delayed healing, while tooth enamel can weaken, increasing the risk of cavities and sensitivity.

Unlike dental decay primarily caused by excessive sugar intake or poor oral hygiene, vitamin A deficiency-related dental issues may present as recurring mouth sores, swollen gums, or persistent tooth sensitivity despite good brushing and flossing habits. If you notice worsening dental health that does not improve with standard care, or if multiple family members are affected, it may be worth evaluating your diet and micronutrient intake. Regular dental check-ups are important for early detection of deficiencies and for preventing more serious complications. For more information on the role of vitamin A in oral and dental health, refer to this National Institutes of Health review.

23. Slow Growth of Infants

Vitamin A is critical during infancy, a period marked by rapid cell division, organ growth, and physical development. This nutrient supports the maturation of vital systems, including the immune system, skin, and vision, all of which are crucial for an infant’s overall well-being. Infants who do not receive adequate vitamin A—either through breast milk or formula—may experience slow weight gain, delayed length growth, and lag in achieving developmental milestones.

Globally, slow growth due to vitamin A deficiency is a major concern, particularly in regions with limited access to diverse diets. The World Health Organization reports that supplementation programs in high-risk areas have significantly reduced rates of infant morbidity and mortality. Parents and caregivers should be vigilant in monitoring an infant’s growth by attending regular pediatric check-ups and tracking weight and height on standardized growth charts. If a child is not meeting expected growth targets, especially in conjunction with frequent infections or vision issues, a pediatric assessment for vitamin A and other nutritional deficiencies is recommended for timely intervention and support.

24. Increased Infection after Surgery

Vitamin A plays a crucial role in supporting the immune system and promoting tissue repair—two factors that are especially important during recovery from surgery. Deficiency in vitamin A can delay wound healing, weaken the integrity of skin and mucous membranes, and impair the body’s ability to fight off bacteria and other pathogens. As a result, individuals with low vitamin A are at increased risk for post-surgical infections, which can complicate recovery, prolong hospital stays, and increase the likelihood of further interventions.

This risk is similar in some ways to the increased infection rates seen with protein malnutrition, which also compromises immune function and tissue repair. However, vitamin A deficiency specifically affects epithelial cell regeneration and immune cell performance, creating unique vulnerabilities. For those preparing for surgery—especially individuals with a history of poor nutrition, chronic illness, or gastrointestinal disorders—preoperative nutritional screening, including assessment of vitamin A status, is highly recommended. Early identification and correction of deficiencies can improve surgical outcomes and reduce the risk of complications. For more on vitamin A’s role in immunity and surgical recovery, see this National Institutes of Health article.

25. Chronic Sinus Issues

Vitamin A is essential for maintaining the health and function of mucous membranes lining the respiratory tract, including the sinuses. This nutrient supports the regeneration of epithelial cells, which help to trap and clear out pathogens, dust, and allergens from the nasal passages. When vitamin A levels are low, the sinus linings can become dry, inflamed, and less effective at protecting against infection. This often results in persistent congestion, frequent sinus infections, or chronic sinusitis that does not respond well to standard treatments.

Unlike allergy-driven sinusitis, which is typically seasonal and accompanied by other symptoms such as sneezing and itchy eyes, sinus problems linked to vitamin A deficiency tend to be ongoing and may not correlate with environmental triggers. If you notice that nasal stuffiness, postnasal drip, or facial pressure lingers for weeks or recurs often, it could be a sign of compromised mucosal health due to inadequate vitamin A. Monitoring the duration and frequency of these symptoms and discussing them with a healthcare provider can help identify nutritional causes. For more on the relationship between vitamin A and respiratory health, refer to this National Institutes of Health article on vitamin A deficiency.

26. Weakened Bone Health

Vitamin A plays a significant role in bone remodeling, a continuous process involving the breakdown and formation of bone tissue to maintain strength and integrity. It helps regulate the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, the cells responsible for building up and breaking down bone. While vitamin D is more widely recognized for its role in bone health, particularly in aiding calcium absorption, vitamin A is also essential for ensuring proper bone growth and repair. Deficiency in vitamin A can lead to impaired bone remodeling, increasing the risk of weakened bones, fractures, and delayed recovery from injuries.

The signs of bone health issues due to vitamin A deficiency can be subtle, such as frequent bone aches, slow healing after fractures, or a higher-than-expected susceptibility to breaks. These symptoms are often mistaken for problems solely related to vitamin D or calcium deficiency. Regular bone density checks are recommended for individuals at risk, especially those with a history of nutritional deficiencies or unexplained bone health issues. For more on the complex relationship between vitamin A and bone health, refer to the National Institutes of Health article on vitamin A and bone metabolism.

27. Swollen or Bleeding Gums

Vitamin A is essential for maintaining the health and integrity of gum tissue. It promotes the renewal and repair of the mucosal lining in the mouth, keeps the gums resilient against bacterial invasion, and supports the immune response needed to combat oral infections. When vitamin A is deficient, gum tissue can become more fragile, leading to swelling, redness, and a greater tendency to bleed during brushing or flossing.

These symptoms are often confused with those of vitamin C deficiency (scurvy), which is also known to cause bleeding gums. However, while vitamin C is crucial for collagen synthesis and capillary strength, vitamin A specifically affects the health and regeneration of the epithelial lining and the immune defenses in the mouth. If you notice persistent gum swelling, bleeding, or slow healing of oral sores, it’s important to consider the broader context of your diet and nutritional status. Paying close attention to these changes and seeking dental or medical advice can aid in early identification of deficiencies. For more on the role of vitamin A in oral health, see this National Institutes of Health review.

28. Unusual Taste Disturbances

Vitamin A is vital not only for vision and immunity but also for maintaining the health of sensory cells within the taste buds and oral mucosa. It supports the renewal of epithelial cells that house taste receptors, ensuring the tongue and mouth can detect flavors properly. When vitamin A is deficient, these cells may deteriorate or fail to regenerate effectively, leading to unusual taste disturbances such as a persistent metallic, bitter, or bland taste. Foods may seem less flavorful or even unpleasant, which can further impact appetite and nutritional intake.

These symptoms are sometimes mistaken for those caused by zinc deficiency, which also impairs taste perception but does so through different biological mechanisms. Unlike acute changes in taste that may occur with illness or medication, vitamin A deficiency-related disturbances are usually more gradual and long-lasting. If you notice ongoing changes in how foods taste, particularly in conjunction with other symptoms of nutritional deficiency, it’s important to track these changes and consult a healthcare provider. Early recognition can help prevent further health complications. For more on the sensory impacts of vitamin A, refer to this National Institutes of Health resource.

29. Poor Adaptation to Darkness

Rhodopsin, a pigment found in the retina, is essential for enabling the eyes to adapt quickly from bright to dim lighting. Vitamin A is a key building block of rhodopsin, and without sufficient amounts, the ability to see in low-light or changing light conditions is compromised. This manifests as poor adaptation to darkness, where individuals may find it challenging to move safely from well-lit environments to darker ones or may experience prolonged adjustment times when entering a dark room.

Real-world examples include drivers who struggle to see clearly at dusk or when passing through tunnels, or people who find it difficult to recognize objects or navigate safely during nighttime activities. These symptoms can greatly affect daily life and may increase the risk of accidents, especially in scenarios requiring quick visual adjustments. Regular vision screening is recommended for anyone noticing these changes, as early detection can lead to timely intervention and prevent further decline. For more information on rhodopsin and vitamin A’s role in vision adaptation, visit the National Institutes of Health resource on vitamin A deficiency.

30. Abnormal Pap Smear Results

Vitamin A plays a crucial role in maintaining the integrity and proper differentiation of epithelial cells, including those lining the cervix. Adequate vitamin A supports the body’s ability to renew and repair these cells, helping to keep the cervical tissue healthy and resistant to abnormal changes. Without enough vitamin A, cellular regeneration may be impaired, increasing the risk of atypical cervical cells that can lead to abnormal Pap smear results.

While the most common cause of abnormal Pap smears is infection with human papillomavirus (HPV), nutritional factors like vitamin A deficiency can also contribute to the development of atypical or precancerous cervical cells. Unlike HPV, which is a viral infection, vitamin A’s influence is related to its role in cellular maintenance and immune support. Women should be mindful of their nutritional status and ensure regular gynecological exams, as early detection of abnormal cervical changes is key to prevention and intervention. For more information about vitamin A and cervical health, refer to this National Institutes of Health review on vitamins and reproduction.

31. Persistent Dandruff

Vitamin A is essential for healthy skin cell turnover, including on the scalp. It regulates the production and shedding of skin cells, maintaining a balanced and hydrated scalp environment. When vitamin A is deficient, the process of skin renewal becomes disrupted, leading to the buildup of dry, flaky skin that manifests as persistent dandruff. This type of dandruff may not respond well to typical anti-dandruff shampoos and can be accompanied by other signs of dry skin or poor scalp health.

While dandruff is often associated with fungal infections such as Malassezia, which thrive in oily scalp environments, vitamin A deficiency-related dandruff results from impaired skin regeneration rather than increased fungal activity. If you notice ongoing flakiness, itchiness, or redness of the scalp that does not improve with standard treatments or lifestyle changes, it is important to consider possible nutritional factors. Monitoring the condition of your scalp and discussing persistent symptoms with a healthcare provider can help identify underlying deficiencies. For more on vitamin A’s impact on skin and scalp health, refer to this Healthline article on vitamin A deficiency symptoms.

32. Poor Immune Response to Vaccines

Vitamin A is critical for the optimal functioning of the immune system, particularly in supporting the production and activity of antibodies following vaccination. When vitamin A levels are inadequate, the body’s ability to mount a strong immune response is diminished, often resulting in lower-than-expected antibody titers and reduced protection against vaccine-preventable diseases. This weakened response can compromise the effectiveness of routine immunizations, especially in children and populations at risk of malnutrition.

Studies from global immunization programs have shown that children with vitamin A deficiency respond less robustly to vaccines such as those for measles, polio, and tetanus. Supplementation with vitamin A in these settings has been proven to enhance vaccine efficacy and improve overall immunity. Individuals should be attentive to vaccine follow-up schedules, particularly if they or their children are known to be at risk for vitamin A deficiency. If vaccines appear less effective—evidenced by breakthrough infections or poor antibody development—nutritional evaluation may be warranted. For more information on the interplay between vitamin A and vaccine responses, consult this National Institutes of Health review on vitamin A deficiency and immunization.

33. Frequent Skin Infections

Vitamin A is fundamental for maintaining a healthy skin barrier, which serves as the first line of defense against pathogens. It promotes the regeneration of epithelial cells and the production of protective oils, helping to keep skin intact and resilient. When vitamin A is deficient, the skin becomes dry, thin, and more prone to breaks or micro-injuries, making it easier for bacteria, fungi, and viruses to penetrate and cause infections. These can present as frequent boils, impetigo, or other recurring skin infections.

Unlike eczema, which is primarily an inflammatory skin condition characterized by redness, itching, and sometimes infection secondary to scratching, infections associated with vitamin A deficiency are often the result of a weakened skin barrier rather than underlying inflammation. If you notice a pattern of repeated skin infections, especially in conjunction with other signs of poor nutritional status like rough patches or slow wound healing, it’s important to consider vitamin A deficiency as a potential cause. Early recognition and intervention can help restore skin health and prevent ongoing problems. For more on vitamin A’s role in skin barrier function, refer to this DermNet NZ article on vitamin A deficiency.

34. Low Iron Absorption

Vitamin A plays an important role in iron metabolism and the body’s ability to absorb and utilize this essential mineral. It helps mobilize iron from storage sites and supports the production of hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying component of red blood cells. When vitamin A is deficient, iron absorption in the gut is reduced, and the release of stored iron becomes less efficient, increasing the risk of developing iron-deficiency anemia even when dietary iron intake is adequate.

This connection means that individuals may present with symptoms of anemia—such as fatigue, weakness, and pale skin—even if they consume enough iron. Treating iron-deficiency anemia without addressing an underlying vitamin A deficiency may lead to incomplete recovery or persistent symptoms. If you or your healthcare provider suspects anemia, it is wise to evaluate both iron and vitamin A status to ensure a comprehensive approach to treatment. For additional information on the interplay between vitamin A and iron metabolism, see this Office of Dietary Supplements fact sheet from the National Institutes of Health.

35. Dry, Itchy Skin

Vitamin A is essential for maintaining healthy skin by regulating the production of sebum, the natural oil that moisturizes and protects the skin’s surface. Adequate sebum production keeps the skin supple, prevents excessive dryness, and forms a barrier against environmental irritants. When vitamin A levels are insufficient, the skin can become dry, flaky, and prone to itching—a symptom that often persists despite the use of moisturizers or gentle cleansers.

This type of dryness differs from eczema, which is primarily an inflammatory skin disorder accompanied by redness, swelling, and sometimes oozing lesions. Vitamin A deficiency-related skin issues are more likely to result in generalized dryness and persistent itchiness, particularly in areas exposed to the elements like the arms, legs, and face. If you notice ongoing dry or itchy skin that doesn’t improve with over-the-counter treatments, it’s important to consider your nutritional intake as a possible factor. Persistent skin dryness should prompt a discussion with your healthcare provider. For more on the connection between vitamin A and skin health, refer to this DermNet NZ article on vitamin A deficiency.

36. White Patches Inside the Mouth

Vitamin A is crucial for maintaining the health of the oral mucosa, the moist tissue lining the inside of the mouth. When there is a deficiency, the renewal and repair of these mucous membranes are impaired, leading to the development of abnormal, thickened white patches. These patches may appear on the cheeks, tongue, or gums and are often rough or slightly raised. Such changes can signal underlying nutritional deficiencies and are sometimes mistaken for other conditions, such as leukoplakia—a potentially precancerous lesion associated with chronic irritation or tobacco use.

Unlike leukoplakia, which may progress to more severe oral health issues, white patches caused by vitamin A deficiency often arise in the context of other mucosal symptoms, including dry mouth, frequent sores, or slow healing of oral tissues. Regardless of the cause, the presence of persistent white patches should prompt a prompt dental or medical evaluation to rule out serious conditions and address nutritional gaps early. Timely intervention can help reverse mucosal changes and restore oral health. For more information about vitamin A and oral mucosal health, visit the National Institutes of Health review on vitamin A and oral health.

37. Unusual Food Cravings

Vitamin A plays a role in regulating appetite and taste perception by maintaining the health of sensory and mucosal cells involved in relaying hunger and satiety signals. When vitamin A is deficient, these pathways may become disrupted, leading to unusual or intense food cravings. Individuals might find themselves drawn to foods rich in fats or specific textures, or may crave brightly colored fruits and vegetables that are natural sources of vitamin A. These cravings can sometimes serve as the body’s way of signaling an unmet nutritional need.

Unlike pica—a condition characterized by cravings for non-food substances such as clay, dirt, or ice, often associated with severe iron or zinc deficiency—cravings linked to vitamin A deficiency usually involve edible foods, particularly those with higher vitamin A content like carrots, sweet potatoes, or leafy greens. If you notice new or persistent cravings that seem unrelated to typical hunger or eating patterns, it’s important to pay attention and consider whether your diet is providing adequate micronutrients. Keeping a food diary and discussing these cravings with a healthcare professional can help identify possible deficiencies. For more on how micronutrient deficiencies can affect food preferences, see this National Institutes of Health resource.

38. Chronic Hoarseness

Vitamin A is essential for maintaining the health and moisture of mucous membranes, including those lining the vocal cords and larynx. This vitamin supports the continuous renewal of epithelial cells, helping to protect the delicate tissues that produce sound. When vitamin A levels are low, these linings can become dry, irritated, and less resilient, leading to persistent hoarseness or changes in voice quality that do not resolve with rest or typical home remedies.

Unlike viral laryngitis, which is usually acute, short-lived, and often associated with infection symptoms such as fever or sore throat, chronic hoarseness related to vitamin A deficiency tends to develop gradually and lasts for weeks or months. It may occur alongside other signs of mucosal dryness, such as dry eyes or mouth. If you notice that your voice is persistently raspy, weak, or that you experience frequent loss of voice without clear cause, it is important to consider nutritional factors and consult with a healthcare provider. Early recognition can help prevent further complications. For more information on the relationship between vitamin A and vocal cord health, refer to this National Institutes of Health resource.

39. Increased Susceptibility to Allergies

Vitamin A is a key regulator of immune system balance, helping to maintain tolerance to harmless substances and prevent excessive inflammatory responses. When vitamin A is deficient, the immune system may shift toward a more reactive state, increasing the likelihood of developing or worsening allergies. The body’s mucosal barriers, which protect against allergen entry and reduce sensitivity, become compromised, leading to heightened reactions to dust, pollen, foods, or environmental irritants.

This increased susceptibility differs from hereditary allergies, which are typically driven by genetic factors and family history. In vitamin A deficiency, the onset or escalation of allergy symptoms—such as sneezing, itchy eyes, skin rashes, or food sensitivities—may occur in individuals without a previous allergy history or may cause previously mild allergies to become more severe. If you experience new or worsening allergy symptoms, it is important to consider both immune health and nutritional factors. Allergy testing and a comprehensive dietary review can help pinpoint the underlying cause. For more on vitamin A’s role in immune regulation and allergy prevention, refer to this National Institutes of Health article on vitamin A and immunity.

40. Chronic Sore Tongue

Vitamin A is vital for the ongoing renewal and repair of the epithelial cells that cover the surface of the tongue. Adequate levels of this nutrient help maintain a smooth, moist, and healthy tongue surface, protecting it from irritation and injury. When vitamin A is deficient, the tongue’s epithelium becomes more fragile, dry, and susceptible to inflammation, leading to chronic soreness, burning, or tenderness that does not resolve with routine oral care.

While soreness of the tongue is also a common symptom of vitamin B deficiencies—especially B12 and folate, which can cause a red, swollen, or beefy tongue—vitamin A deficiency-related discomfort is often accompanied by other signs of mucosal dryness, such as dry mouth or frequent mouth ulcers. Unlike acute soreness from biting the tongue or eating spicy foods, vitamin A deficiency tends to cause persistent discomfort lasting for weeks. If you notice ongoing tongue soreness, changes in texture, or pain during eating or speaking, it is important to track the duration and consult a healthcare provider. For more on vitamin A’s role in oral epithelial health, see this National Institutes of Health review on vitamin A and oral health.

41. Difficulty Swallowing

Vitamin A is essential for maintaining the health and integrity of mucosal linings throughout the body, including the throat and esophagus. It supports the renewal and resilience of these tissues, ensuring smooth passage for food and liquids. When vitamin A levels are inadequate, the mucosa can become dry, inflamed, or even develop lesions, leading to discomfort and difficulty swallowing—a condition known as dysphagia. This may be accompanied by a sensation of food sticking in the throat or pain during swallowing.

Difficulty swallowing is often associated with acid reflux, which causes inflammation due to stomach acid irritating the esophagus. However, vitamin A deficiency-related dysphagia is more likely to be linked to generalized mucosal dryness and fragility, rather than acid exposure. If you experience new or persistent swallowing problems, especially if they are not relieved by antacids or dietary changes, it is important to consider nutritional factors as a possible cause. Noting the duration and any accompanying symptoms, such as dry mouth or recurrent throat infections, can help guide evaluation and treatment. For more on vitamin A’s role in mucosal health, visit the National Institutes of Health resource on vitamin A deficiency.

42. Swollen Lymph Nodes

Vitamin A is crucial for the normal functioning of the immune system, including the healthy activity of lymphocytes and other white blood cells that help fight infection. When vitamin A is deficient, immune responses can be impaired, leading to increased vulnerability to infections and inflammation. As a result, lymph nodes—which filter out pathogens and are key sites of immune activity—may become swollen or tender, particularly in the neck, armpit, or groin.

Swollen lymph nodes are commonly associated with viral infections such as colds or mononucleosis, where swelling is usually acute and resolves as the infection subsides. In contrast, vitamin A deficiency can cause more persistent or recurring lymph node enlargement due to ongoing immune dysfunction and repeated low-grade infections. If you notice lymph nodes that remain swollen for several weeks, or if swelling is accompanied by other signs of poor immunity or nutritional deficiency, it’s important to seek a thorough medical evaluation. Persistent lymphadenopathy should not be ignored, as it may indicate underlying health problems that require attention. For more on the connection between vitamin A and immune health, see this National Institutes of Health review on vitamin A and immunity.

43. Irregular Menstrual Cycles

Vitamin A is essential for the synthesis and regulation of reproductive hormones, including those that govern the menstrual cycle. It plays a key role in the development and maturation of ovarian follicles, supports normal ovulation, and contributes to the functioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. When vitamin A is deficient, hormone production and signaling can be disrupted, leading to irregular or missed menstrual periods, unpredictable cycle lengths, or changes in menstrual flow.

Irregular cycles are often associated with conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), which is characterized by hormonal imbalances, multiple ovarian cysts, and other metabolic symptoms. However, vitamin A deficiency-related menstrual irregularities are more likely to occur alongside other signs of poor nutrition, such as dry skin, night blindness, or weakened immunity, rather than the hallmark features of PCOS. If you notice significant changes in your menstrual pattern—including increased variability, skipped periods, or unexpected spotting—it is important to track these changes and discuss them with a healthcare provider. Comprehensive evaluation can help determine whether nutritional deficiencies, including vitamin A, are contributing to the problem. For more on vitamin A and reproductive health, see this National Institutes of Health review on vitamins in reproduction.

44. Reduced Sense of Smell

Vitamin A is critical for the maintenance and regeneration of olfactory epithelial cells, which are responsible for detecting odors and sending signals to the brain. When vitamin A is deficient, the health and function of these sensory cells can decline, resulting in a reduced or altered sense of smell—a condition known as hyposmia. This subtle symptom may develop gradually and is often overlooked, but it can significantly impact quality of life, appetite, and even safety.

Loss of smell has recently become widely recognized as a symptom of viral infections such as COVID-19, where it usually occurs suddenly and may resolve as the infection clears. In contrast, vitamin A deficiency-related loss of smell tends to emerge more slowly and persists over weeks or months, often in conjunction with other symptoms like dry mucous membranes or taste disturbances. If you notice a lasting reduction or change in your ability to smell, especially without a clear cause such as recent illness or nasal congestion, it’s important to consider nutritional factors. Early recognition can prompt dietary assessment and intervention. For more on the role of vitamin A in olfactory health, refer to this National Institutes of Health resource.

45. Unexplained Weight Loss

Vitamin A is involved in various metabolic processes, including the maintenance of healthy epithelial tissues, immune function, and appetite regulation. When vitamin A levels are insufficient, individuals may experience a reduction in appetite, malabsorption of nutrients, and increased vulnerability to infections—all of which can contribute to unintentional weight loss. This weight loss is often gradual and may be accompanied by muscle wasting, fatigue, and other signs of malnutrition.

While unexplained weight loss is frequently associated with conditions like hyperthyroidism, where metabolic rate is abnormally high, vitamin A deficiency-induced weight loss is typically linked to chronic undernutrition and impaired absorption rather than accelerated metabolism. If you notice ongoing weight loss without changes in diet or physical activity, it is important to document the amount and duration of the weight loss and report it to a healthcare professional. Tracking additional symptoms, such as persistent fatigue, frequent infections, or changes in skin and eye health, can help identify underlying nutritional deficiencies. For more information on vitamin A’s impact on weight and metabolism, see this Office of Dietary Supplements fact sheet from the National Institutes of Health.

46. Cracked Lips (Cheilitis)

Vitamin A is essential for maintaining the health and moisture of mucous membranes, including the delicate skin of the lips. When vitamin A is deficient, the renewal and protection of lip tissue become compromised, leading to dryness, cracking, and inflammation—a condition known as cheilitis. These cracks can be painful, may bleed, and are often slow to heal, especially at the corners of the mouth. Persistent cheilitis can also increase the risk of secondary bacterial or fungal infections.

Cracked lips are commonly attributed to dehydration or exposure to harsh weather, but when the problem persists despite adequate hydration and lip balm use, it may indicate an underlying nutritional deficiency such as insufficient vitamin A. Unlike temporary chapping, vitamin A deficiency-related cheilitis tends to be chronic and may occur alongside other symptoms of mucosal dryness, such as dry eyes or mouth ulcers. If you notice ongoing cracks or sores on your lips that do not resolve with standard care, it’s important to consider your overall nutritional intake and consult a healthcare provider. For more information about vitamin A’s role in mucosal and lip health, refer to this National Institutes of Health review.

47. Poor Tolerance to Infections

Vitamin A is a cornerstone of immune function, supporting the growth and activity of immune cells that are crucial for identifying and eliminating pathogens. When vitamin A is deficient, the immune system’s ability to respond to infections is weakened, resulting in slower recovery times, prolonged illness, and a higher risk of complications. Individuals may feel that even minor infections, such as a cold or sore throat, take longer to resolve and recur more frequently.

This pattern of poor infection tolerance is distinct from inherited or acquired immune disorders, which may present with severe, unusual, or opportunistic infections. With vitamin A deficiency, the primary issue is a generally sluggish and inefficient immune response, not the profound suppression seen in conditions like HIV/AIDS or congenital immunodeficiencies. If you notice that recovery from everyday illnesses is consistently slow or that infections seem to linger or return soon after they resolve, it is important to consider the possibility of a nutritional shortfall. Being mindful of these patterns and discussing them with a healthcare provider can help identify underlying causes. For more on vitamin A’s role in immune recovery, review this National Institutes of Health article on vitamin A and immunity.

48. Thickening of the Cornea

Vitamin A is crucial for maintaining the health and transparency of the cornea, the clear front surface of the eye. In cases of prolonged deficiency, the cornea can begin to thicken and become opaque—a hallmark feature of xerophthalmia. This thickening is due to the abnormal buildup of keratin and the loss of normal mucous-producing cells, which are normally sustained by vitamin A. As the corneal surface becomes rough and dry, vision deteriorates, and the risk of ulceration and permanent blindness increases dramatically.

Xerophthalmia remains a leading cause of preventable childhood blindness worldwide, particularly in low-income regions where vitamin A deficiency is prevalent. According to the World Health Organization, hundreds of thousands of children lose their sight each year due to this condition. If you or someone you know experiences symptoms such as worsening vision, eye dryness, or visible corneal changes, seek urgent ophthalmic evaluation. Early intervention with vitamin A supplementation can prevent irreversible damage and restore ocular health.

49. Reduced Tear Production

Vitamin A is essential for the normal function of lacrimal glands, which are responsible for producing tears that keep the eyes lubricated and healthy. When vitamin A levels are insufficient, the ability of these glands to secrete adequate tears diminishes, leading to dry, irritated eyes—a condition known as keratoconjunctivitis sicca. This dryness can cause discomfort, a gritty sensation, increased risk of infection, and, if left untreated, potential damage to the corneal surface.

Reduced tear production due to vitamin A deficiency can resemble symptoms of Sjogren’s syndrome, an autoimmune disorder that also affects tear and saliva glands. However, while Sjogren’s is characterized by immune-mediated glandular damage and often involves other systemic symptoms, vitamin A deficiency is related to impaired epithelial cell maintenance and usually presents alongside other signs of poor nutrition. If you notice persistent eye irritation, burning, or a feeling of sand in the eyes—especially if these symptoms do not improve with over-the-counter eye drops—it is important to consider nutritional causes and seek professional evaluation. For more information about vitamin A’s impact on lacrimal gland function and eye health, refer to this American Academy of Ophthalmology resource.

50. Decreased Cognitive Function in Children

Vitamin A is vital not just for physical growth but also for brain development and cognitive function in children. This nutrient supports the formation and maintenance of neural tissues, the synthesis of neurotransmitters, and the protection of the central nervous system from oxidative stress. Deficiency during early life can disrupt these processes, leading to difficulties with learning, memory, attention, and problem-solving skills.

Studies in regions affected by malnutrition, such as those cited by the National Institutes of Health, have found that children with vitamin A deficiency are more likely to experience delays in cognitive milestones, poorer academic performance, and lower IQ scores compared to their well-nourished peers. These effects can be long-lasting, impacting educational and social outcomes well into adulthood. Parents and caregivers should be attentive to developmental progress and seek regular pediatric evaluations, especially if there are concerns about delayed speech, learning difficulties, or social engagement. Early screening and intervention, including improving vitamin A intake, can help support optimal brain development and cognitive health in children.

Conclusion

Recognizing the hidden signs of vitamin A deficiency is crucial for preventing serious and potentially irreversible health consequences. Early screening and intervention can dramatically improve outcomes, especially in vulnerable groups such as children and pregnant women. If you notice persistent symptoms affecting your vision, skin, immunity, or overall wellbeing, consult a healthcare provider for nutritional assessment and guidance. Ensuring a balanced diet rich in vitamin A sources, such as leafy greens, orange vegetables, and fortified foods, is a practical step toward prevention. For more information and resources on vitamin A deficiency, visit the World Health Organization and NIH Office of Dietary Supplements.

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