Monthly Self-Checks for Cancer Prevention

1. Breast Self-Exam

Breast cancer is among the most common cancers worldwide, affecting millions of women and, more rarely, men. According to the American Cancer Society, about 1 in 8 women in the United States will develop invasive breast cancer over the course of her lifetime. Monthly breast self-exams can play a vital role in early detection, as many individuals first notice changes themselves before seeing a healthcare professional.

To perform a self-exam, use the pads of your fingers to gently move around the entire breast in a circular motion, covering from the collarbone to the top of the abdomen, and from the armpit to the cleavage. Look for lumps, thickening, or hardened knots. Also, visually inspect for changes in shape, size, skin texture (such as dimpling), or nipple inversion. Any unusual discharge, swelling, or persistent pain should be noted.

Performing this check at the same time each month, ideally a few days after your menstrual period ends, increases reliability. If you notice any changes, promptly consult your healthcare provider. For detailed guidance, visit the National Breast Cancer Foundation.

2. Testicular Self-Exam

Testicular cancer typically affects younger men, most commonly those aged 15 to 35, making it unique compared to other cancers that are more prevalent in older adults. According to the American Cancer Society, testicular cancer is relatively rare but highly treatable, especially when detected early. The disease often begins as abnormal cell growth in the testicles, forming a lump or swelling that may go unnoticed without regular self-examination.

A monthly self-exam helps identify changes before they progress. After a warm shower, when the scrotal skin is relaxed, gently roll each testicle between your thumb and forefingers, feeling for any lumps, firmness, or changes in size or shape. It’s normal for one testicle to be slightly larger or hang lower, but you should check for new or unusual masses, a dull ache, or a heavy sensation.

Early signs are often painless, so vigilance is key. If you detect any abnormalities, contact your healthcare provider promptly. For comprehensive instructions and images, consult the National Cancer Institute’s guide to testicular self-exams.

3. Skin Self-Check

Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer globally, with melanoma posing the greatest risk due to its potential to spread rapidly. According to the American Cancer Society, over 100,000 new cases of melanoma are diagnosed annually in the United States. Early detection through routine skin self-checks can significantly increase the chances of successful treatment.

Perform a thorough monthly examination in a well-lit room using a full-length mirror and a hand mirror. Check your entire body, including hard-to-see areas like your scalp, back, soles of your feet, and between your toes. Look for new moles, growths, or any changes to existing spots. Pay attention to the ABCDEs of melanoma: Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variation, Diameter larger than 6mm, and Evolving shape or size.

Signs that require prompt medical attention include sores that do not heal, itching, bleeding, or rapidly changing moles. For a step-by-step guide and images to help recognize warning signs, visit the Skin Cancer Foundation’s self-exam resource.

4. Oral Cavity Inspection

Oral cancer can develop on the lips, tongue, cheeks, gums, or roof and floor of the mouth, often going unnoticed until advanced stages. According to the American Cancer Society, over 54,000 Americans are diagnosed with oral cavity or oropharyngeal cancer each year. Early detection through self-inspection can dramatically improve treatment outcomes and survival rates.

Each month, stand in front of a mirror under good lighting. Open your mouth wide and use your fingers or a clean gauze pad to gently pull your lips away from your teeth, inspecting the gums and inner lips for white or red patches, unexplained lumps, or persistent sores. Examine the sides and underside of your tongue, the roof of your mouth, and the inside of your cheeks for discoloration, swelling, or ulcerations. Also, check for difficulty swallowing, numbness, or persistent hoarseness.

If you notice any unusual spots, sores that do not heal within two weeks, unexplained bleeding, or lumps, consult your dentist or doctor immediately. For more information on warning signs and prevention, visit the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s oral cancer resource.

5. Lymph Node Palpation

Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped structures that play a critical role in the immune system by filtering harmful substances. Swollen or enlarged lymph nodes can indicate infection, but persistent or unexplained swelling may signal lymphoma or other cancers. According to the American Cancer Society, lymphoma is a type of cancer that begins in the lymphatic system and often presents with painless lymph node enlargement.

Perform a monthly self-check by gently pressing your fingertips in circular motions along common lymph node sites: under the jaw, on either side of the neck, above the collarbone, in the armpits, and in the groin. Normal lymph nodes are generally small and movable, but concerning signs include nodes that are unusually firm, larger than a pea, fixed in place, or accompanied by symptoms such as night sweats, unexplained weight loss, or persistent fatigue.

If you discover enlarged lymph nodes that do not resolve within a few weeks or are associated with other symptoms, consult your healthcare provider for further evaluation. For additional guidance on recognizing lymphoma warning signs, visit the Lymphoma Research Foundation.

6. Thyroid Area Exam

The thyroid gland, located at the base of the neck just below the Adam’s apple, regulates metabolism and many bodily functions. Thyroid cancer, while less common than other cancers, has seen a steady increase in incidence in recent decades, particularly among women. According to the American Cancer Society, there are more than 43,000 new thyroid cancer cases annually in the United States.

To check your thyroid, stand before a mirror and focus on the lower front area of your neck. Tip your head back slightly and, while swallowing a sip of water, watch for any unusual bulges, lumps, or asymmetry moving up and down. After swallowing, gently feel the area with your fingers for any nodules or swelling. The thyroid is typically not visible or easily felt, so any new lump, persistent swelling, or sensation of fullness warrants attention.

If you notice a persistent lump, hoarseness, difficulty swallowing, or unexplained changes in your neck, consult an endocrinologist or healthcare provider promptly. For more information on thyroid self-exams and cancer trends, visit the American Thyroid Association.

7. Abdominal Self-Palpation

Abdominal self-palpation involves gently feeling the abdomen to detect unusual masses or swellings that may indicate underlying conditions such as liver or ovarian cancers. While these cancers are often detected at later stages due to subtle symptoms, regular self-checks can help identify changes earlier. According to the American Cancer Society, liver cancer rates have been rising, and ovarian cancer remains a leading cause of gynecological cancer deaths due to late diagnosis (source).

To perform an abdominal self-exam, lie comfortably on your back and gently press your fingertips in a circular motion over all four quadrants of your abdomen. Look for any unusual lumps, hard areas, or persistent tenderness. While most benign causes of abdominal changes are common, warning signs may include a sudden increase in abdominal size, bloating, unexplained pain, early satiety, or jaundice (yellowing of the skin or eyes).

If you notice a persistent mass, swelling, or experience symptoms such as unexplained weight loss, persistent pain, or digestive changes, you should consult your healthcare provider. For further information about abdominal cancer symptoms and self-checks, visit the Cancer.Net abdominal cancer resource.

8. Test for Blood in Stool

Checking for blood in the stool is a valuable self-screening step for detecting early signs of colorectal cancer, the third most common cancer worldwide according to the American Cancer Society. Blood may be visible as red streaks or cause the stool to appear black and tarry, but often, it is “occult” or hidden, requiring special home tests to detect.

At-home fecal occult blood tests (FOBT) or fecal immunochemical tests (FIT) are readily available and easy to use. To perform the test, collect a small stool sample using the kit’s applicator and follow the instructions provided. These tests can identify trace amounts of blood not visible to the naked eye. It’s important to avoid certain foods or medications prior to testing, as indicated in the kit instructions, to prevent false positives.

If you observe blood in your stool or receive a positive result from a home test, consult your healthcare provider for further evaluation. While not all blood indicates cancer, it should never be ignored. For more details on home screening and interpreting results, visit the CDC’s guide to colorectal cancer screening tests.

9. Changes in Urination

Monitoring your urinary patterns can provide early clues about bladder and kidney cancers, which often present subtle symptoms in their initial stages. According to the American Cancer Society, bladder cancer is one of the most common cancers, especially in older adults, while kidney cancer rates have also been rising (source).

Each month, pay attention to changes in urine color, such as pink, red, or cola-colored urine, which may indicate the presence of blood. Track your frequency—both increased urgency and difficulty initiating urination can be warning signs. Other symptoms to note include pain or burning during urination, lower back or side pain, and unexplained weight loss. Discomfort or a persistent feeling that the bladder is not empty should also be monitored.

While temporary changes can result from dehydration, certain foods, or medications, persistent symptoms may signal a more serious issue. If you notice visible blood, ongoing discomfort, or significant changes in urinary habits, consult your healthcare provider. For further information on urinary symptoms and cancer risk, visit the Urology Care Foundation’s bladder cancer symptom guide.

10. Vaginal and Vulvar Self-Exam

Regular self-examination of the vaginal and vulvar areas can be crucial for the early detection of gynecologic cancers, including vulvar and vaginal cancers. Although these cancers are relatively rare compared to other gynecologic malignancies, the American Cancer Society estimates over 6,000 new vulvar cancer cases and about 1,000 new vaginal cancer cases are diagnosed annually in the United States. Early discovery of abnormalities can significantly improve outcomes and treatment options.

To perform a self-exam, use a hand mirror in a well-lit area to inspect the entire vulvar region, including the labia, clitoris, and perineum. Look for lumps, sores, persistent itching, color changes, or areas of thickened skin. Gently feel for any nodules or tender spots. When checking the vaginal opening, notice any unusual discharge, bleeding between periods, or discomfort during intercourse.

Seek medical advice if you observe non-healing sores, persistent itching, pain, new growths, or unexplained bleeding. Changes that last more than a few weeks merit prompt evaluation by a gynecologist. For more details on gynecologic cancer symptoms and prevention, visit the CDC’s gynecologic cancer symptom resource.

11. Unexplained Weight Loss

Sudden, unexplained weight loss can be an early warning sign of various cancers, including those of the pancreas, stomach, lungs, or esophagus. According to the American Society of Clinical Oncology, losing more than 5% of your body weight in less than six months without changes in diet or exercise warrants attention. While weight loss can also result from stress, thyroid issues, or chronic infections, persistent loss with no clear explanation should not be ignored.

To monitor for changes, weigh yourself at the same time each month, preferably in the morning after using the bathroom and before eating. Keep a log of your weight and note any significant declines. Unintentional loss, especially when accompanied by symptoms such as fatigue, loss of appetite, or persistent digestive issues, should prompt evaluation by a healthcare professional.

Early recognition and investigation of unexpected weight loss can lead to timely diagnosis and intervention. For more information on the relationship between weight loss and cancer, as well as tracking tips, visit the American Cancer Society’s weight loss resource.

12. Persistent Cough or Voice Changes

A cough that lingers for more than three weeks or unexplained changes in your voice, such as persistent hoarseness, can be early indicators of lung or throat cancers. Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer death globally, with over 2 million new cases annually, according to the World Health Organization. Throat cancers, while less common, are also significant and often present with vocal changes or a chronic sore throat.

Monitor your symptoms by noting how long a cough lasts and whether it is dry or produces blood-tinged sputum. Observe any ongoing hoarseness, voice weakness, or changes in pitch that do not improve. Additional warning signs may include difficulty swallowing, shortness of breath, or unexplained chest pain. While infections or allergies often cause coughs and voice changes, persistence beyond a few weeks—especially in non-smokers or those without recent illness—should not be ignored.

Consult a physician if cough or hoarseness persists for more than three weeks, or if you experience additional symptoms. For more information on respiratory symptoms and cancer risks, visit the American Cancer Society’s guide to lung cancer symptoms.

13. Breast Nipple Changes

Monitoring your nipples for changes is an important aspect of breast health, as certain alterations may signal breast cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, symptoms such as nipple inversion (where the nipple turns inward), unexplained discharge (especially if bloody or occurring without squeezing), or persistent redness and scaling can be warning signs of underlying malignancy.

While occasional discharge or temporary inversion can be normal, sudden or persistent changes should not be ignored. Examine your nipples monthly as part of your self-breast exam. Look for alterations in the direction your nipples point, new asymmetry, or crusting and peeling that does not heal. Also, be alert to any spontaneous fluid, particularly if it is clear or bloody, and not related to pregnancy or breastfeeding.

Normal variations include nipples that have always been inverted or minimal discharge related to hormonal fluctuations. However, if you notice new nipple inversion, ongoing discharge, or changes in skin color or texture around the nipple, consult your healthcare provider for evaluation. For more information, visit the Breastcancer.org nipple changes resource.

14. Unusual Bleeding

Abnormal bleeding from any part of the body can serve as an early warning sign of cancer, particularly when it occurs without an obvious cause. According to the American Cancer Society, unusual bleeding may be associated with cancers of the colon, bladder, cervix, uterus, or lungs, among others. Examples include blood in the urine, stool, sputum, or unexpected vaginal bleeding between periods, after menopause, or following intercourse.

While benign causes such as hemorrhoids, urinary tract infections, or hormonal fluctuations are common, persistent, recurrent, or unexplained bleeding should never be dismissed. Monthly self-checks should include monitoring for any blood in bodily fluids or on tissues after wiping. For women, tracking menstrual cycles can help distinguish normal variation from abnormal bleeding patterns.

Seek medical attention if you experience bleeding that is heavy, does not resolve, or is accompanied by pain, fatigue, or other new symptoms. Early evaluation is important, as prompt diagnosis can lead to better outcomes. For additional details on the significance of abnormal bleeding and cancer risk, visit the Cancer.Net guide to gynecologic cancer symptoms.

15. Changes in Bowel Habits

Persistent alterations in bowel habits, such as ongoing constipation, diarrhea, or a noticeable change in stool caliber, can be early signs of colorectal cancer. The American Cancer Society emphasizes that these symptoms, especially if lasting more than a few weeks, should not be ignored. Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer among both men and women, and early detection dramatically improves prognosis.

Monthly self-monitoring should include noting the frequency, consistency, and appearance of stools. Unexplained constipation, diarrhea, narrow or ribbon-like stools, or a feeling of incomplete evacuation may warrant concern. While temporary changes are often linked to diet, stress, or infections, symptoms that persist, recur, or are accompanied by blood in the stool, abdominal pain, or unexplained weight loss should prompt evaluation by a healthcare provider.

Screening guidelines recommend beginning regular colorectal cancer screening at age 45 for most average-risk adults, using methods such as colonoscopy or stool-based tests. For more information on symptoms and screening, visit the CDC’s colorectal cancer screening resource.

16. Difficulty Swallowing

Difficulty swallowing, also known as dysphagia, can be an early symptom of esophageal or throat (pharyngeal) cancers. According to the American Cancer Society, over 21,000 new cases of esophageal cancer and more than 12,000 deaths are expected annually in the United States, while throat cancers also contribute significantly to cancer-related morbidity. Early detection of swallowing difficulties can lead to prompt diagnosis and better treatment outcomes.

Monthly self-checks should include noting any persistent sensation of food sticking in the throat, pain while swallowing, or unexplained coughing or choking during meals. Other signs can include unintentional weight loss, hoarseness, or a lump in the neck. While mild swallowing problems may result from infections, acid reflux, or allergies, symptoms that persist for more than a few weeks are worrisome—particularly if swallowing solids becomes progressively more difficult or is associated with pain or regurgitation.

If you experience ongoing trouble swallowing, especially with additional symptoms like unexplained weight loss or persistent throat discomfort, seek medical evaluation. For more information on the signs, risks, and when to seek help, visit the Cancer.Net esophageal cancer resource.

17. New or Persistent Pain

New or persistent pain that lacks an obvious cause can sometimes be an early indication of cancer, especially if it is ongoing and localized. According to the American Cancer Society, pain is a common symptom in many types of cancer, including bone, ovarian, and pancreatic cancers. However, most pain experienced daily is usually due to benign causes, such as muscle strain, arthritis, headaches, or minor injuries.

It’s important to differentiate between pain associated with recent physical activity or trauma and pain that arises without clear explanation or does not resolve with rest or typical care. Monthly self-checks should involve noting the location, intensity, duration, and frequency of any new discomfort. Persistent pain that worsens over time, interferes with sleep, or is accompanied by other warning signs—such as unexplained weight loss, swelling, or changes in bodily function—should prompt further investigation.

Track your symptoms in a journal, noting when the pain started and any related factors. If pain lasts more than two weeks without improvement or is severe and unexplained, consult your healthcare provider. For more on pain as a cancer symptom, visit the National Cancer Institute’s guide to cancer-related pain.

18. Changes in Moles or Freckles

Moles and freckles are common skin features, but changes in their appearance can signal melanoma, the most serious type of skin cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, melanoma rates have been rising for decades, and early detection is crucial for successful treatment. The ABCDE rule offers a straightforward way to assess moles for signs of melanoma: Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variation, Diameter greater than 6mm, and Evolving shape, size, or color.

During monthly skin self-checks, use a mirror to inspect all areas of your skin, including your back, scalp, and between your toes. Document any changes in moles or freckles, such as growth, darkening, or new sensations like itching or bleeding. Take photographs of suspicious spots to monitor progression over time.

If you notice a mole that fits any of the ABCDE criteria or observe rapid changes, schedule an appointment with a dermatologist. Early intervention can be lifesaving. For a visual guide and more information on what to document, visit the Skin Cancer Foundation’s ABCDEs of melanoma resource.

19. Persistent Indigestion or Heartburn

Long-term indigestion or heartburn should not be ignored, as chronic acid reflux can be linked to an increased risk of stomach or esophageal cancers. According to the American Cancer Society, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a known risk factor for esophageal cancer. While occasional heartburn is common and often results from dietary choices or stress, persistent symptoms lasting more than a few weeks may warrant closer attention.

Self-monitoring should include noting the frequency, duration, and severity of indigestion or burning sensations in the chest or upper abdomen. Red flag symptoms include difficulty swallowing, unexplained weight loss, persistent nausea or vomiting, black or tarry stools, and anemia. These may indicate more serious underlying issues that require prompt evaluation.

If lifestyle adjustments and over-the-counter remedies do not relieve symptoms, or if you experience additional warning signs, consult your healthcare provider. Early diagnosis can significantly improve outcomes for stomach and esophageal cancers. For more information on the connection between chronic heartburn and cancer, visit the Cancer.Net’s guide to stomach cancer symptoms.

20. Persistent Fatigue

Persistent fatigue—an ongoing sense of tiredness that does not improve with rest—can sometimes be an early warning sign of cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, certain cancers, including leukemia, lymphoma, and colon cancer, may cause chronic fatigue due to underlying factors such as anemia or the cancer’s metabolic effects. While fatigue is common and often results from stress, lack of sleep, illness, or poor nutrition, fatigue linked to cancer typically persists for weeks or months and is often severe.

To differentiate normal tiredness from concerning fatigue, track how long symptoms last, whether they improve with rest, and if they interfere with daily activities. Note if fatigue is accompanied by other symptoms like unexplained weight loss, fever, night sweats, or shortness of breath. Monthly self-assessment can help you recognize patterns and identify when fatigue becomes abnormal.

If you experience persistent, unexplained fatigue that does not resolve with adequate sleep or lifestyle changes, consult your healthcare provider. Blood tests may be needed to check for anemia or other underlying conditions. For more on fatigue and cancer, visit the Cancer.Net’s guide to managing cancer-related fatigue.

21. Breast Skin Changes

Changes in the skin of the breast, such as dimpling, redness, or thickening, can be signs of inflammatory breast cancer—a rare but aggressive form of the disease. According to the American Cancer Society, inflammatory breast cancer accounts for only 1-5% of all breast cancers but often progresses rapidly and may not present with a distinct lump.

During monthly self-checks, carefully inspect your breasts for areas of skin that appear puckered, dimpled (resembling an orange peel), unusually red, or swollen. Also, look for patches that feel warm, thickened, or tender to the touch. These changes may develop suddenly and can be accompanied by itching, burning, or a heavy sensation. While mild skin irritation can result from allergies or infections, persistent or rapidly evolving changes in breast skin are cause for concern.

Report any new dimpling, persistent redness, or skin thickening to your healthcare provider immediately, especially if these changes are accompanied by swelling or pain. Early intervention is crucial for aggressive cancers. For more information, visit the National Breast Cancer Foundation’s guide to breast cancer symptoms.

22. Jaw or Mouth Pain

Persistent pain in the jaw or mouth can be an early indicator of oral cancers, which may affect the lips, gums, tongue, inner cheeks, or the floor and roof of the mouth. According to the American Cancer Society, oral cavity cancers are often diagnosed at a later stage due to subtle or overlooked symptoms. Pain that does not resolve with typical dental care or is not linked to recent injury or dental work should be taken seriously.

For monthly self-checks, use a mirror and good lighting to inspect all areas of your mouth, including the gums, tongue, inner cheeks, and the roof and floor of the mouth. Gently press along the jawline and inside your mouth to check for tenderness, lumps, or thickened areas. Note any persistent sores, ulcers, red or white patches, or unexplained bleeding. Also, pay attention to difficulties chewing, swallowing, or moving your jaw.

If jaw or mouth pain persists for more than two weeks, or if you notice other symptoms like swelling, loose teeth, or difficulty speaking, consult your dentist or healthcare provider promptly. For more on oral cancer symptoms and self-exams, visit the Mouth Cancer Foundation’s symptom guide.

23. Persistent Headache

While most headaches are caused by tension, dehydration, or sinus issues, persistent or worsening headaches can, in rare cases, signal brain tumors or other serious conditions. According to the American Cancer Society, brain tumors may cause headaches that are frequent, intense, and often different from your usual headache pattern. Unlike typical tension headaches, those associated with brain tumors may worsen over time, be especially severe in the morning, or be accompanied by nausea, vomiting, or neurological symptoms such as vision changes, weakness, or confusion.

For monthly self-checks, keep a headache diary to track the frequency, duration, and intensity of your symptoms. Note the time of day headaches occur, any triggers, and whether they respond to over-the-counter medications. Pay close attention to new headaches that are persistent, progressively worse, or different in character from headaches you’ve had before.

Seek prompt medical attention if you experience persistent headaches with additional symptoms such as vision loss, seizures, balance problems, or unexplained drowsiness. For further information on warning signs and managing headache symptoms, visit the Cancer.Net guide to brain tumor symptoms.

24. Swelling Without Injury

Unexplained swelling—particularly in the arms, legs, or other soft tissues—can sometimes be a sign of lymphatic cancers like lymphoma or soft tissue sarcomas. According to the American Cancer Society, soft tissue sarcomas may present as painless lumps or swelling that gradually increase in size, while lymphomas can cause swelling due to blockages in the lymphatic system. Unlike swelling related to recent injuries, infections, or overuse, cancer-related swelling typically persists and is not relieved by rest or elevation.

During monthly self-checks, pay attention to any new or persistent swelling in your limbs, abdomen, or neck. Gently press on the swollen area to assess if it feels unusually firm or tender. Also, monitor for additional symptoms such as night sweats, fever, unexplained weight loss, or fatigue. Swelling that is accompanied by redness, pain, or warmth could indicate an infection and also deserves prompt attention.

If you notice swelling that does not resolve within a couple of weeks, continues to increase in size, or is associated with other concerning symptoms, seek evaluation by a healthcare provider. For more information on swelling and related cancers, visit the Lymphoma Action’s symptom guide.

25. Persistent Fever or Night Sweats

Ongoing low-grade fevers or frequent night sweats can sometimes be early signs of blood cancers such as leukemia or lymphoma. According to the American Cancer Society, these symptoms often occur in the absence of infection and may be accompanied by fatigue, unexplained weight loss, or swollen lymph nodes. While fevers and night sweats are commonly caused by viral or bacterial infections, those linked to cancer tend to persist or recur over weeks without a clear infectious source.

For monthly self-assessment, keep a record of your temperature and note any patterns of sweating that disrupt sleep or soak bedclothes. Pay attention to additional symptoms, including chills, persistent fatigue, easy bruising, or unusual bleeding. Night sweats that start suddenly, are drenching, or are not explained by a hot environment or menopause should be evaluated.

If you experience fevers that last more than a week, recur regularly, or are associated with other concerning symptoms, consult your healthcare provider. Early evaluation can help identify underlying causes and lead to prompt treatment. For more information on fever, night sweats, and blood cancers, visit the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society’s symptom guide.

26. Changes in Hair or Nail Growth

Abnormal changes in hair or nail growth can occasionally be signs of underlying cancers, particularly skin, lung, or other internal malignancies. According to the American Cancer Society, sudden changes such as rapid hair loss, unusual thickening, or dark lines appearing under the nails (known as melanonychia) may indicate melanoma or other cancers. Clubbing of the nails—where the fingertips enlarge and the nails curve around them—can be associated with lung cancer and certain gastrointestinal cancers.

During monthly self-checks, inspect your scalp for patches of unexplained hair loss, excessive shedding, or changes in hair texture. Examine your fingernails and toenails for discoloration, new lines, thickening, brittleness, or separation from the nail bed. Take note if you observe swelling around the nails or if the nails become unusually curved or misshapen.

While minor changes are often due to trauma, fungal infections, or nutritional deficiencies, persistent or rapidly progressing changes should be evaluated by a healthcare provider. For more information on hair and nail changes linked to cancer, visit the Cancer.Net guide to nail changes and cancer.

27. Abdominal Bloating

Persistent abdominal bloating can be an early warning sign of cancers such as ovarian, stomach, or other digestive tract malignancies. According to the American Cancer Society, bloating that continues for more than two weeks, especially when accompanied by pelvic pain, changes in appetite, or difficulty eating, should not be ignored. Ovarian cancer is often called a “silent” disease because its symptoms, including bloating, may be mistaken for normal digestive upset or hormonal changes.

Normal bloating following a large meal, carbonated drinks, or menstruation is usually temporary and resolves with lifestyle changes. However, cancer-related bloating tends to be persistent, progressive, and may come with other symptoms such as unexplained weight loss, early satiety, or frequent urination.

During monthly self-assessment, monitor the frequency, duration, and severity of bloating. Keep a symptom diary and note any patterns or associated symptoms. If abdominal bloating is ongoing, worsens, or is linked with other red flags like pelvic discomfort or abnormal bleeding, consult your healthcare provider promptly. For more on bloating and its relationship to cancer, visit the Cancer.Net ovarian cancer resource.

28. Persistent Hiccups

While hiccups are commonly triggered by overeating, consuming carbonated drinks, or sudden excitement, persistent or intractable hiccups lasting more than 48 hours can rarely signal underlying illnesses, including certain cancers. According to the Cancer Research UK, ongoing hiccups may be associated with cancers that irritate the diaphragm or affect the central nervous system, such as esophageal, stomach, or brain tumors. Other causes of prolonged hiccups include stroke, infections, or metabolic disturbances.

Monthly self-checks should involve noting the duration and frequency of hiccup episodes. If hiccups persist for more than two days, are severe enough to interfere with eating or sleeping, or are accompanied by other symptoms like weight loss, difficulty swallowing, or chest pain, a medical evaluation is warranted.

For most people, hiccups resolve on their own and are not a cause for concern. Practical steps for relief include drinking cold water, holding your breath, or swallowing a teaspoon of sugar. However, persistent hiccups should not be ignored. For more on when hiccups may be a sign of a serious condition, visit the Cancer.Net guide to hiccups and cancer.

29. Breast Puckering

Puckering or dimpling of the breast skin can be an important visual cue indicating the presence of underlying tumors or changes in breast tissue structure. Such alterations occur when a tumor pulls on the ligaments or connective tissue, causing the skin to draw inward. According to the American Cancer Society, these changes are among the warning signs of breast cancer and should be taken seriously, especially when new or persistent.

During your monthly breast self-exam, stand in front of a mirror with your arms raised overhead and then with hands pressed on your hips. Look closely for any puckering, dimpling, or indentation of the skin, particularly when changing arm positions. Gently lift the breast and inspect the underside for subtle changes. Puckering may appear as a slight indentation or a ripple on the skin, often more visible when muscles are flexed.

If you notice any new puckering, dimpling, or changes in breast contour, contact your healthcare provider promptly for further assessment. For more guidance on visual breast changes and self-exam techniques, visit the National Breast Cancer Foundation’s symptoms resource.

30. Difficulty Urinating

Difficulty beginning or stopping urination can be a symptom associated with prostate or bladder cancer, particularly in men over the age of 50. According to the American Cancer Society, urinary hesitancy, weak flow, dribbling, or the sensation of incomplete bladder emptying are common warning signs. Although these symptoms frequently occur due to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or urinary tract infections, persistent or worsening trouble warrants further evaluation.

Monthly self-monitoring should include noting changes in your urinary stream, frequency, urgency, or any pain or burning during urination. Pay attention if you find yourself straining, needing to urinate more often at night, or if you experience blood in the urine. While benign conditions like BPH typically cause gradual symptoms without systemic illness, cancer-related symptoms may progress despite standard treatments.

If you notice ongoing problems starting or stopping urination, or if symptoms are accompanied by pain, fever, or blood in the urine, consult your healthcare provider for assessment. Early detection can improve outcomes. For more on urinary symptoms and cancer risk, visit the Cancer.Net bladder cancer symptom guide.

31. Persistent Back Pain

Chronic back pain is a common complaint, often attributed to muscle strain, disc issues, or arthritis. However, persistent or unexplained back pain can occasionally be an early warning sign of cancers such as kidney, pancreatic, or bone cancers. The American Cancer Society notes that kidney and pancreatic tumors may cause dull, aching pain in the back or flank, while bone cancers can present with localized pain that worsens over time and is not relieved by rest.

Monthly self-assessment should include noting the location, duration, and character of any back pain. Be alert to pain that persists for weeks, gradually increases in intensity, or is accompanied by other symptoms such as unexplained weight loss, blood in the urine, neurological changes, or fatigue. Unlike common back pain from physical activity, cancer-related back pain often does not improve with over-the-counter medications, rest, or physical therapy.

If you experience persistent, progressive back pain without a clear cause, or if pain is associated with additional warning signs, seek evaluation from a healthcare provider. Early investigation is important for diagnosis and treatment. For more details, visit the Cancer.Net pain management resource.

32. Swelling in the Face or Neck

Swelling of the face or neck can, in rare cases, be an early sign of serious conditions such as lung cancer or lymphatic cancers like lymphoma. According to the American Cancer Society, tumors in the chest can compress large veins (such as the superior vena cava), leading to swelling in the face, neck, and sometimes the arms—a condition known as superior vena cava syndrome. Lymphatic cancers can also block lymph flow, causing similar symptoms.

Swelling in these areas is more commonly caused by allergies, sinus infections, dental problems, or even reactions to medications. These causes are typically temporary and improve with standard treatments. However, when swelling is persistent, painless, or progressively worsening—and especially if accompanied by shortness of breath, difficulty swallowing, chest pain, or visible veins on the chest or neck—it may be urgent.

If you notice unexplained or rapidly developing swelling in your face or neck, seek immediate medical evaluation. Such symptoms can indicate a blockage of blood or lymph flow that may require prompt intervention. For more on cancer-related swelling, visit the Cancer.Net swelling and edema guide.

33. Persistent Itching

Persistent itching, also known as pruritus, can occasionally be an early symptom of certain cancers, particularly those affecting the liver or bile ducts. According to the American Cancer Society, liver and bile duct cancers may block bile flow, causing a buildup of bile salts in the skin and resulting in intense itching. This symptom is often accompanied by jaundice—yellowing of the skin or eyes—which is a significant warning sign.

While most itching is caused by dry skin, allergies, or dermatological conditions, unexplained and persistent itching that does not respond to moisturizers or antihistamines deserves attention, especially if it is generalized or affects large areas of the body. Itching linked to cancer may also be associated with dark urine, pale stools, or unexplained weight loss.

Monitor the frequency, duration, and severity of your itching, and note any additional symptoms such as jaundice or changes in urine and stool color. If itching persists for more than two weeks, worsens, or is accompanied by signs of jaundice, consult your healthcare provider. For more information on cancer-related itching, visit the Cancer.Net guide to pruritus.

34. Persistent Sore Throat

A sore throat that persists for more than two weeks, despite standard treatments, may be a warning sign of throat or laryngeal cancers. According to the American Cancer Society, cancers of the pharynx or larynx can initially present as a chronic sore throat, hoarseness, or the sensation of something stuck in the throat. While most sore throats are caused by viral or bacterial infections and resolve within a week, persistent discomfort—especially in the absence of infection—warrants closer evaluation.

Monthly self-checks should include noting the duration, severity, and any associated symptoms such as difficulty swallowing, persistent cough, ear pain, or voice changes. If a sore throat is accompanied by unexplained weight loss, a lump in the neck, or blood-streaked saliva, these are red flags that should prompt immediate medical attention.

If symptoms linger beyond two weeks or progressively worsen, your healthcare provider may recommend further tests such as a throat examination, laryngoscopy, or biopsy to determine the cause. Early diagnosis is essential for successful treatment. For more information on persistent sore throat and cancer, visit the Cancer.Net laryngeal cancer resource.

35. New Lumps or Bumps

Discovering a new lump or bump anywhere on your body can be concerning and may warrant further attention. While many lumps are benign, such as cysts or lipomas, some may indicate soft tissue tumors or cancers like sarcomas or lymphomas. According to the American Cancer Society, soft tissue sarcomas often present as painless, enlarging lumps in the arms, legs, or trunk. Lymph node swelling due to lymphoma may also appear as a firm, painless bump beneath the skin.

During your monthly self-check, gently palpate your skin and underlying tissues, including the neck, armpits, groin, and limbs. Document the size, shape, consistency, and location of any new lump, as well as any changes over time. Take note if the lump is growing, becomes painful, or is associated with other symptoms like unexplained fever, weight loss, or night sweats.

Report any new, persistent, or enlarging lumps to your healthcare provider for evaluation. Early assessment may include imaging or a biopsy to determine the cause. For more information on assessing and understanding new lumps, visit the Cancer.Net soft tissue sarcoma resource.

36. Changes in Breast Shape or Size

Sudden or unexplained changes in breast shape or size, including new asymmetry, can be early warning signs of breast cancer or other underlying conditions. While minor differences in breast size are normal and common, significant or rapid alterations—such as swelling, shrinkage, or an irregular contour—may indicate tumors, cysts, or inflammatory changes. According to the American Cancer Society, breast cancers can cause localized swelling, distortion, or changes in the way the breast looks or feels.

During monthly self-exams, stand in front of a mirror with your arms at your sides, then raised overhead, and finally pressed against your hips. Look for any visible differences between breasts, such as changes in outline, fullness, or the position of the nipple. Gently lift each breast to inspect the underside for subtle changes in contour or swelling.

If you notice new or progressive asymmetry, persistent swelling, or changes in skin texture, report these findings to your healthcare provider. Early evaluation is important to distinguish between benign and serious causes. For more on breast shape changes and self-exam techniques, visit the National Breast Cancer Foundation’s symptom guide.

37. Hoarseness Lasting More Than Three Weeks

Persistent hoarseness that continues for more than three weeks can be an early sign of laryngeal (voice box) or lung cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, hoarseness is one of the most common symptoms of laryngeal cancer, especially in individuals with a history of smoking. While hoarseness is often caused by viral infections, allergies, vocal strain, or acid reflux, these conditions typically resolve within a couple of weeks with standard care.

If your voice remains hoarse, raspy, or weak despite rest and home remedies, it is important to monitor for other symptoms such as persistent cough, difficulty swallowing, throat pain, or unexplained weight loss. Hoarseness that steadily worsens, returns regularly, or is accompanied by a lump in the neck should not be ignored.

If hoarseness persists beyond three weeks, schedule an appointment with your healthcare provider or an ear, nose, and throat (ENT) specialist for evaluation. Early diagnosis of underlying cancers can significantly improve outcomes. For more information on hoarseness and cancer risk, visit the Cancer.Net laryngeal cancer resource.

38. Swollen Abdomen

A swollen or distended abdomen, especially when persistent and unexplained, can be an early symptom of several cancers, including ovarian, liver, or gastrointestinal malignancies. According to the American Cancer Society, abdominal swelling (also called ascites) often occurs in ovarian cancer as the disease progresses, but it can also be caused by tumors in the liver or digestive tract blocking fluid drainage or causing inflammation.

Common non-cancerous causes of abdominal swelling include overeating, irritable bowel syndrome, or menstrual bloating. However, cancer-related swelling typically does not resolve with dietary changes or time, and it may be accompanied by symptoms such as unexplained weight gain, early satiety, pain or pressure, and changes in bowel habits.

To monitor for changes, measure your waist circumference at the same point each month and keep a log of any increases. Document associated symptoms like discomfort, shortness of breath, or visible veins on the abdomen. If abdominal swelling persists for more than two weeks, worsens, or is linked with other warning signs, seek medical evaluation. For further information, visit the Cancer.Net ovarian cancer symptoms guide.

39. Persistent Nausea or Vomiting

Persistent nausea or vomiting that lasts for more than a week can sometimes be linked to underlying cancers of the digestive system, such as stomach, pancreatic, or colon cancers, as well as brain tumors. According to the American Cancer Society, these symptoms may arise when tumors obstruct the digestive tract, affect hormone levels, or increase pressure within the brain.

While short-term nausea and vomiting are commonly caused by infections, food poisoning, motion sickness, or medication side effects, cancer-related symptoms tend to be persistent, progressive, and often occur without a clear trigger. Additional warning signs can include unexplained weight loss, abdominal pain, headaches, or neurological changes such as confusion or vision problems.

If you experience ongoing nausea or vomiting that does not improve with dietary modifications or over-the-counter remedies, or if these symptoms are associated with other concerning changes, seek prompt medical evaluation. Early diagnosis can lead to more effective treatment. For more information on persistent nausea, vomiting, and their connection to cancer, visit the Cancer.Net guide to nausea and vomiting.

40. Blood in Urine

Visible blood in the urine, known as hematuria, is a significant symptom that should never be ignored. According to the American Cancer Society, blood in the urine may be an early sign of bladder or kidney cancer, especially if it appears without pain or other urinary symptoms. Hematuria can range from light pink to deep red or brown and may be intermittent or constant.

While urinary tract infections (UTIs), kidney stones, or vigorous exercise can also cause blood in the urine, these conditions are usually accompanied by additional symptoms such as burning, frequent urination, fever, or flank pain. Cancer-related hematuria, by contrast, often occurs without infection and may not cause discomfort until the disease is more advanced.

If you notice visible blood in your urine—even if it happens only once—seek medical evaluation as soon as possible. Immediate care is especially important if blood is accompanied by pain, fever, difficulty urinating, or clots, which could indicate obstruction or acute infection. For more on hematuria and cancer, visit the Cancer.Net bladder cancer symptoms guide.

41. Persistent Pelvic Pain

Persistent pelvic pain—lasting more than a few weeks—can sometimes be a symptom of gynecologic cancers such as ovarian, uterine, or cervical cancer, as well as colon cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, pain that is constant, increases over time, or is accompanied by bloating, abnormal bleeding, or changes in bowel habits should not be ignored.

Common benign causes of pelvic pain include menstrual cramps, endometriosis, ovarian cysts, irritable bowel syndrome, or urinary tract infections. These conditions often have identifiable triggers and typically resolve with rest, over-the-counter medications, or minor medical interventions. In contrast, cancer-related pelvic pain is more likely to be persistent, progressive, and less responsive to standard treatments.

To monitor changes, keep a symptom diary noting the frequency, intensity, and triggers of pelvic pain, as well as any associated symptoms like bloating, changes in appetite, or bowel and bladder habits. If pelvic pain persists for more than two weeks, worsens, or is linked with other concerning symptoms, seek evaluation from your healthcare provider. For more on pelvic pain and cancer risk, visit the Cancer.Net ovarian cancer resource.

42. Shortness of Breath at Rest

Unexplained shortness of breath, especially when it occurs at rest or with minimal activity, can sometimes be a warning sign of lung cancer, heart cancer, or other serious conditions. According to the American Cancer Society, tumors in the lungs can obstruct airways, cause fluid buildup around the lungs (pleural effusion), or decrease lung function, all of which may lead to breathlessness. Rarely, cancers of the heart or those that spread to the chest can also cause similar symptoms by affecting circulation and oxygen exchange.

While breathlessness is often due to less serious medical issues such as asthma, anxiety, or infections, unexplained and persistent shortness of breath—especially when unrelated to exertion—deserves prompt evaluation. Additional concerning signs include chest pain, coughing up blood, swelling in the legs, or bluish lips and fingertips.

Seek emergency care if shortness of breath is sudden, severe, or accompanied by chest pain, fainting, confusion, or inability to speak in full sentences. For more information about breathlessness and its connection to cancer, visit the Cancer.Net guide to breathing problems.

43. Persistent Swollen Glands

Swollen glands, or lymph nodes, are part of the body’s immune response and often enlarge during infections. However, when glands remain swollen for several weeks without a clear cause, it may signal lymphoma or other cancers. According to the American Cancer Society, lymphoma frequently presents with painless, persistent swelling of lymph nodes in the neck, armpits, or groin. Other cancers, such as leukemia or metastatic cancers, can also cause similar symptoms.

To self-check monthly, gently use your fingertips to feel for lumps or swelling in the common lymph node areas: under the jaw, along the sides of the neck, above the collarbone, in the armpits, and in the groin. Healthy lymph nodes are usually small, soft, and moveable, while concerning nodes may feel firm, rubbery, enlarged (greater than a pea), or fixed in place. Take note of any additional symptoms such as night sweats, fever, unexplained weight loss, or persistent fatigue.

If you find swollen glands that do not resolve in three to four weeks, especially if they are painless or associated with other symptoms, consult your healthcare provider. For more information, visit the Lymphoma Action symptom guide.

44. Persistent White or Red Patches in the Mouth

Persistent white (leukoplakia) or red (erythroplakia) patches on the gums, tongue, cheeks, or roof of the mouth can be early warning signs of oral cancers. According to the American Cancer Society, these patches may appear flat or slightly raised and are often painless in the early stages. While not all oral patches are cancerous, those that do not heal within two weeks deserve prompt attention, as they may progress to malignancy if left untreated.

During monthly self-checks, use a mirror and good lighting to inspect all surfaces of your mouth. Look for patches that are persistent, changing in size, shape, or texture, or are accompanied by sores, bleeding, or difficulty swallowing. Document the location, color, and duration of any patches by taking notes or photographs, which can help your dentist or healthcare provider track changes over time.

If you notice any white or red patches that do not resolve within two weeks or are associated with other symptoms such as lumps or pain, schedule a dental or medical evaluation. For detailed information on oral cancer signs and monitoring, visit the National Cancer Institute’s oral cancer resource.

45. Persistent Sores That Don’t Heal

Sores or wounds that linger for more than two to three weeks without signs of healing can be a red flag for skin or oral cancers. According to the American Cancer Society, non-healing ulcers, especially those that bleed, ooze, or crust, may be early signs of basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, or melanoma. Similarly, oral cancers often present as persistent sores on the tongue, gums, or cheeks that do not improve with standard care.

During monthly self-exams, pay close attention to any sore, ulcer, or patch of skin or mucous membrane that doesn’t heal, particularly if it is painless, enlarges, or is accompanied by changes in color, texture, or bleeding. Common benign causes of slow-healing wounds include trauma, infections, or underlying conditions like diabetes, but cancer-related sores typically resist normal healing and may gradually worsen.

If you observe a sore that does not heal within three weeks—or if it is changing in appearance, bleeding, or causing discomfort—consult your healthcare provider or dentist promptly. For more information on the significance of non-healing sores and related cancers, visit the Cancer.Net oral cancer symptom guide.

46. Darkening or Yellowing of Skin or Eyes

Changes in skin color, such as yellowing (jaundice) or unexplained darkening (hyperpigmentation), can be signs of serious underlying conditions, including liver or pancreatic cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, jaundice occurs when a tumor blocks the bile duct, leading to a buildup of bilirubin and resulting in yellow skin and eyes. Hyperpigmentation, while less common, can be associated with adrenal gland tumors or paraneoplastic syndromes.

Real-world examples of jaundice include a yellow hue developing in the whites of the eyes, dark urine, and pale stools—symptoms that may accompany upper abdominal pain or unexplained weight loss. Hyperpigmentation may present as widespread darkening of the skin, especially in body creases or on the face, and is sometimes linked with fatigue or other hormonal symptoms.

If you notice sudden yellowing of your skin or eyes, severe abdominal pain, confusion, or persistent itching, seek urgent medical attention. These symptoms can indicate a blockage or organ failure requiring prompt intervention. For more on jaundice, hyperpigmentation, and their link to cancer, visit the Cancer.Net liver cancer symptoms guide.

47. Persistent Fullness After Small Meals

Experiencing a continual sense of fullness after eating only a small amount of food—known as early satiety—can sometimes be an early indicator of underlying cancers, particularly those of the stomach or ovaries. According to the American Cancer Society, stomach cancer may cause the stomach to fill more quickly or impede digestion, while ovarian tumors can create pressure on surrounding organs, resulting in similar symptoms.

Early satiety is often benign, related to indigestion, stress, or gastrointestinal infections, and usually resolves within a few days. However, when fullness persists for more than two weeks, especially if it is accompanied by other signs such as bloating, unintentional weight loss, abdominal pain, or nausea, it warrants further evaluation.

Monitor your eating habits and note how quickly you feel full, any changes in appetite, and whether symptoms are getting worse. If persistent fullness after small meals is ongoing and not explained by diet or lifestyle changes, or if it is associated with additional warning signs, consult your healthcare provider promptly. For more on early satiety and cancer, visit the Cancer.Net ovarian cancer resource.

48. Unexplained Bruising

Frequent or unusual bruising—especially without clear cause—can be a warning sign of blood cancers such as leukemia. According to the American Cancer Society, leukemia can affect the blood’s ability to clot by reducing healthy platelet counts, leading to easy or spontaneous bruising. These bruises often appear as large, dark patches or develop in unusual places, such as the back, chest, or arms, rather than areas prone to bumps or trauma.

Normal bruising typically follows minor injuries or physical activity and fades over one to two weeks. However, bruises linked to blood cancers may be accompanied by other symptoms, including frequent nosebleeds, gum bleeding, fatigue, or persistent infections. They may also take longer to heal or occur alongside small red or purple spots called petechiae.

For monthly self-monitoring, document the size, location, and number of bruises, as well as any related symptoms. If you notice recurrent, unexplained bruises, or if bruising is accompanied by bleeding or significant fatigue, consult your healthcare provider promptly. For more information on bruising and blood cancers, visit the Cancer.Net leukemia symptoms guide.

49. Persistent Rash

A rash that does not improve with standard home or over-the-counter treatments can sometimes signal underlying conditions such as lymphoma or skin cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, certain types of lymphoma—such as cutaneous T-cell lymphoma—can present as persistent, itchy rashes or patches that may become thickened or scaly over time. Similarly, skin cancers like melanoma or squamous cell carcinoma may manifest as non-healing, changing, or spreading rashes.

Benign rashes are often caused by allergies, eczema, or infections and generally improve with moisturizers, antihistamines, or topical steroids. However, a cancer-related rash tends to persist, evolve, or resist typical therapies. Warning signs include rashes that change color, bleed, ulcerate, or are accompanied by lumps or swollen lymph nodes.

To track changes, document the appearance, size, and location of the rash with photos and notes. Monitor for associated symptoms such as fever, night sweats, or unexplained weight loss. If a rash lasts more than two weeks or worsens despite treatment, consult your healthcare provider. For more, visit the Cancer.Net lymphoma symptoms guide.

50. Difficulty Healing After Minor Injury

Difficulty healing after a minor injury—such as a small cut, scrape, or bruise—can sometimes signal underlying conditions like leukemia or skin cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, leukemia may impair the body’s ability to produce healthy blood cells, affecting clotting and immune function. This can result in wounds that take much longer to heal or repeatedly become infected. Similarly, skin cancers such as basal cell or squamous cell carcinoma may first appear as sores or ulcers that do not close or heal as expected.

While slow healing is often due to diabetes, poor circulation, or repeated trauma, cancer-related wounds tend to be persistent, may enlarge, bleed, or develop irregular edges. To monitor healing, keep a checklist noting the size, color, and duration of the wound, the presence of new pain or discharge, and any signs of infection.

Wound remains open or unchanged after two to three weeks
Edges become raised, irregular, or hard
New bleeding, pus, or foul odor develops
Accompanied by unexplained bruising, fever, or fatigue

If any checklist item applies, seek medical evaluation. For more on slow-healing wounds and cancer, visit the Cancer.Net leukemia symptoms guide.

Conclusion

Regular monthly self-checks are a vital tool in the early detection of cancer, empowering individuals to catch warning signs before they progress. Ongoing vigilance can make a significant difference in treatment success and survival rates. It’s important to promptly consult healthcare professionals if you notice any persistent, unusual, or concerning changes. Additionally, incorporate formal screenings recommended for your age and risk factors, as outlined by the American Cancer Society’s screening guidelines. Remember, self-exams are not a substitute for professional care but serve as a proactive step in safeguarding your health. Stay informed, stay alert, and prioritize your well-being through both self-monitoring and regular medical checkups.

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