Ozempic Side Effects: Hidden Risks Doctors Rarely Mention

1. Delayed Gastric Emptying

One of the lesser-known effects of Ozempic is its significant influence on the digestive system, particularly the rate at which the stomach empties food into the small intestine. Ozempic belongs to a class of medications known as GLP-1 receptor agonists, which work by mimicking a hormone that naturally slows gastric emptying. This action helps reduce appetite and control blood sugar but can also cause bothersome side effects.
Many users report a persistent sense of fullness, heaviness, or bloating—sometimes long after eating a modest meal. This sensation occurs because food remains in the stomach for a longer period than usual. As a result, patients may unintentionally eat less, but the trade-off is discomfort that can impact quality of life.
For some, delayed gastric emptying, also called gastroparesis, can become severe, leading to nausea, vomiting, or even difficulty digesting food properly. These issues are not always highlighted during initial consultations, yet they may persist as long as the medication is in use. Recognizing these symptoms early is vital, as prolonged digestive issues may require medical attention or a change in therapy.
For additional clinical details, see this review from NIH’s National Library of Medicine.

2. Persistent Nausea

Nausea is one of the most frequently reported side effects among Ozempic users, and it’s often more persistent than with other diabetes or weight loss medications. As Ozempic slows down digestion and alters gut hormone signaling, the body’s normal response can be a lingering upset stomach. Studies show that up to 44% of people taking Ozempic experience some form of nausea, which is higher than rates seen with several other GLP-1 medications according to NIH research.
For many, this queasiness is most noticeable during the first few weeks of therapy or after increasing the dose. However, for a significant subset of patients, nausea can persist for months, affecting daily activities and even leading to missed doses or discontinuation of treatment.
It’s important to recognize when nausea shifts from a mild annoyance to a cause for concern. If symptoms are severe, ongoing, or accompanied by vomiting, dehydration, or weight loss beyond expectations, medical advice should be sought promptly. Sometimes, adjusting the dosage or timing can help, but in other cases, a different medication may be necessary. Don’t ignore nausea that disrupts your routine or threatens your health.

3. Severe Vomiting Episodes

While mild nausea is common with Ozempic, some individuals experience severe vomiting episodes that go far beyond routine discomfort. These episodes can strike suddenly and may persist for hours or even days, leaving patients at risk for dehydration and electrolyte imbalances. For a few, symptoms escalate so quickly that emergency room visits become necessary to manage the loss of fluids and prevent complications.
Case reports have highlighted instances where patients, often after a dose increase, suffered from relentless vomiting that did not respond to over-the-counter remedies. In one documented example, a woman ended up hospitalized for intravenous fluids after repeated vomiting left her unable to keep down even small sips of water according to Healthline.
Severe vomiting can be particularly dangerous for older adults or those with pre-existing medical conditions. It may also mask or exacerbate other serious issues, such as pancreatitis or bowel obstruction. Anyone experiencing intense or prolonged vomiting should seek immediate medical attention. Prompt recognition and intervention can prevent life-threatening complications and may require discontinuing Ozempic.

4. Pancreatitis Risk

A lesser-discussed but potentially serious side effect of Ozempic is its association with pancreatitis, or inflammation of the pancreas. While the absolute risk is low, the consequences can be severe, ranging from intense abdominal pain to hospitalization and, in rare cases, life-threatening complications. Ozempic, like other GLP-1 receptor agonists, appears to increase the risk of both acute and chronic pancreatitis, although the mechanism isn’t fully understood.
Warning signs of pancreatitis include sudden, persistent pain in the upper abdomen (often radiating to the back), accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sometimes fever. If you develop these symptoms—especially if they are severe or do not subside—seek immediate medical attention. Early intervention is crucial to prevent complications such as infection or tissue damage.
Current studies suggest that the risk of pancreatitis with Ozempic is comparable to other medications in its class, such as liraglutide and dulaglutide according to NIH research. However, individuals with a history of pancreatitis or certain risk factors (like gallstones or high triglycerides) may be more vulnerable. Doctors may not always discuss this risk in detail, leaving patients unaware of its warning signs.

5. Gallbladder Issues

Ozempic doesn’t just affect the pancreas—it can also impact the gallbladder, sometimes leading to the development of gallstones or even gallbladder inflammation, known as cholecystitis. Gallstones are small, hard deposits that form in the gallbladder and can cause sudden, severe pain in the upper right abdomen, often after eating. In more serious cases, these stones can block the flow of bile, leading to swelling, infection, or inflammation.
Real-world experiences highlight that some Ozempic users have ended up in urgent care or the emergency room due to severe abdominal pain and fever, only to be diagnosed with gallstones or cholecystitis. According to the U.S. FDA, there is an increased risk of gallbladder problems with GLP-1 agonists, including Ozempic see FDA Drug Safety Communication.
If you experience sharp pain in your upper right abdomen, fever, yellowing of the skin or eyes (jaundice), or persistent nausea and vomiting, seek urgent medical attention. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential, as untreated gallbladder issues can quickly become life-threatening. Doctors may not always warn patients about this risk, making awareness especially important.

6. Kidney Injury

Ozempic can put extra stress on the kidneys, particularly in people who become dehydrated from vomiting or have pre-existing kidney conditions. When the body loses a significant amount of fluids, the kidneys must work harder to maintain balance, and in rare cases, this can lead to acute kidney injury. There have been reports of patients developing sudden kidney problems—sometimes requiring hospitalization—after starting Ozempic, especially when they experience persistent nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea.
Compared to other diabetes drugs, GLP-1 agonists like Ozempic generally have a neutral effect on kidney function in stable patients. However, in vulnerable individuals, the risk of kidney injury may be higher, particularly during episodes of significant fluid loss. According to the FDA, acute kidney injury has been observed in some patients using GLP-1 medications, including Ozempic see FDA MedWatch Alert.
Warning signs include reduced urine output, swelling in the legs or ankles, confusion, and unexplained fatigue. Anyone experiencing these symptoms, especially after recent dehydration, should seek prompt medical evaluation. Early recognition is key to preventing long-term kidney damage and ensuring a safe course of treatment.

7. Vision Changes

Some Ozempic users have reported experiencing blurred vision or a sudden change in eyesight, raising concerns about the drug’s impact on eye health. In particular, individuals with a history of diabetes are at risk for a complication called diabetic retinopathy, which can be worsened by rapid improvements in blood sugar levels. Clinical studies suggest that people taking GLP-1 agonists, including Ozempic, may face a higher likelihood of retinopathy progression if their blood sugar drops quickly according to the American Academy of Ophthalmology.
Blurred vision may develop as the body adjusts to new blood sugar levels, but persistent or worsening changes could signal something more serious. For those with pre-existing eye conditions, the risk is even higher and may require additional monitoring.
Regular eye exams are crucial for anyone starting Ozempic, especially if they have a history of diabetes-related eye disease. Early detection and intervention can prevent lasting damage. If you notice sudden changes in your vision—such as new floaters, flashes of light, or vision loss—contact an eye specialist immediately. Maintaining open communication with your healthcare team about any visual symptoms is essential for safeguarding your eyesight.

8. Unintended Weight Loss

While Ozempic is often praised for its ability to promote weight loss, some users experience excessive or unintended weight loss that goes far beyond their initial goals. This can occur rapidly, particularly in those who lose their appetite or struggle with persistent digestive side effects. Such dramatic weight loss is not merely a cosmetic issue—it can signal underlying nutritional deficits, muscle wasting, or other metabolic problems.
Unlike diet-based weight loss, which is typically more gradual and allows for better nutritional planning, Ozempic-related weight loss may happen quickly and without conscious effort. This raises the risk of deficiencies in essential vitamins, minerals, and protein, potentially leading to fatigue, hair loss, weakened immunity, and impaired healing. According to clinical observations, some patients have reported losing more than 10% of their body weight within a few months of starting Ozempic as noted by Medscape.
If you notice your weight dropping unexpectedly or faster than recommended, consult your healthcare provider about nutritional support or possible dose adjustments. Monitoring weight and overall health regularly is essential to avoid the hidden risks of unintended or excessive weight loss while on Ozempic.

9. Low Blood Sugar (Hypoglycemia)

Although Ozempic alone rarely causes dangerously low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), the risk increases significantly when it is combined with other diabetes medications such as insulin or sulfonylureas. Hypoglycemia can develop suddenly and, if left untreated, may lead to confusion, seizures, unconsciousness, or even death.
Common symptoms of low blood sugar include shakiness, sweating, rapid heartbeat, dizziness, irritability, and blurred vision. Severe episodes can escalate quickly, especially if a person is unable to recognize the warning signs in time. According to the American Diabetes Association, it’s crucial for anyone using Ozempic alongside other glucose-lowering drugs to monitor their blood sugar levels closely and be aware of how to respond in an emergency see ADA guidance.
If you notice symptoms of hypoglycemia, promptly consume fast-acting carbohydrates—such as glucose tablets, juice, or regular soda—and recheck your blood sugar. If symptoms persist or worsen, seek emergency help immediately. Always inform family and friends about what to do in case of severe hypoglycemia, and carry emergency supplies at all times if you’re at heightened risk.

10. Injection Site Reactions

Many people using Ozempic experience mild to moderate reactions at the site where the medication is injected. These injection site reactions can include redness, swelling, itching, or the development of small, firm lumps under the skin. While typically harmless and temporary, these symptoms can be uncomfortable and, in rare cases, may become infected or persist for an extended period.
These reactions are not unique to Ozempic; they are also observed with other injectable medications for diabetes, such as insulin and other GLP-1 agonists. However, Ozempic’s once-weekly administration may reduce the frequency of such issues compared to daily injections, but some patients still report noticeable discomfort. According to the Drugs.com side effect database, localized swelling and redness are among the more commonly reported minor issues.
To minimize the risk, rotate injection sites and avoid injecting into areas that are already irritated or scarred. If you notice severe pain, spreading redness, warmth, or pus at the injection site, contact your healthcare provider promptly. Proper injection technique and hygiene are essential to reduce the chances of more serious complications.

11. Constipation

Constipation is a frequently overlooked side effect of Ozempic, but it can significantly impact comfort and daily life. Because Ozempic slows the movement of food through the digestive tract, the colon absorbs more water, leading to harder, drier stools. This slowed digestion can result in infrequent or difficult bowel movements for many users, sometimes causing abdominal pain or bloating.
In clinical trials, constipation has been reported by a notable percentage of Ozempic users, often necessitating changes in diet or lifestyle to find relief. Increasing dietary fiber, drinking more water, and maintaining regular physical activity are common strategies for managing this issue. Some people may also benefit from gentle over-the-counter laxatives, but it’s important to consult a healthcare provider before starting any medication for constipation as recommended by Mayo Clinic.
If constipation persists for more than a week or is accompanied by severe pain, blood in the stool, or unexplained weight loss, seek medical advice promptly. Small adjustments in your diet and hydration can often make a big difference when dealing with Ozempic-related constipation.

12. Diarrhea

While constipation is common with Ozempic, some users experience the opposite problem: episodes of diarrhea. This side effect can occur as the medication alters gut motility and hormone signals, sometimes causing food to pass through the digestive tract too quickly. Diarrhea may occur intermittently or persist for several days, and in some cases, it alternates with periods of constipation.
The exact mechanism is not fully understood, but changes to the gut’s normal rhythm and increased secretion of fluids likely play a role. Diarrhea can be inconvenient and uncomfortable, leading to dehydration if fluid losses are not replaced. According to the CDC’s diabetes medication overview, maintaining hydration is especially important when using drugs like Ozempic that can affect the gastrointestinal system.
To counteract dehydration, drink plenty of water and consider oral rehydration solutions if diarrhea is severe or persistent. Avoid caffeine and alcohol, which can worsen fluid loss. Monitor for signs of dehydration—such as dry mouth, dizziness, or dark urine—and seek medical advice if diarrhea is accompanied by severe cramping, fever, or blood in the stool. Early intervention can prevent more serious complications.

13. Headache

Headaches are a frequently reported side effect among Ozempic users, though they are often overshadowed by more dramatic digestive complaints. Some individuals experience mild, nagging headaches, while others report more severe or migraine-like pain. The underlying causes can vary, but two major factors are dehydration and rapid changes in blood glucose levels.
Dehydration is a known trigger for headaches, and since Ozempic can cause nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea, fluid loss may not always be obvious. Additionally, as Ozempic improves blood sugar control, the body’s adjustment to lower glucose levels can also provoke headaches, particularly in the first weeks of therapy. According to the NHS guide to semaglutide side effects, headaches are among the more common but manageable complaints.
If you develop headaches while on Ozempic, make sure you are drinking enough water throughout the day and eating regular, balanced meals to avoid extreme fluctuations in blood sugar. Over-the-counter pain relievers may help for occasional headaches, but persistent or severe pain should prompt a conversation with your healthcare provider. Don’t ignore recurring headaches—they can be a sign of other underlying issues that may require further investigation.

14. Fatigue

Many people starting Ozempic notice a general sense of fatigue—a tiredness that can range from mild weariness to more profound exhaustion. This side effect is often dismissed as a normal adjustment period, but for some users, fatigue becomes persistent and disruptive. It’s important to distinguish between ordinary tiredness, which may resolve as your body adapts, and more serious fatigue that interferes with daily life.
Possible causes include dehydration, nutritional deficiencies from reduced food intake, or rapid changes in blood sugar levels. Fatigue may also accompany other side effects like headache or gastrointestinal issues, compounding the problem. According to the Cleveland Clinic’s guide to semaglutide, tiredness is a recognized but often underappreciated side effect, especially during the first weeks of treatment.
If your fatigue is mild and temporary, supportive measures like rest, hydration, and balanced nutrition can help. However, if exhaustion is severe, persists for more than a few weeks, or is accompanied by symptoms such as dizziness, chest pain, or shortness of breath, seek medical advice. Persistent fatigue may be a sign of a more serious underlying issue and should never be ignored.

15. Dizziness

Dizziness is another commonly reported side effect for people taking Ozempic, and it can be unsettling—especially if it leads to balance problems or fainting. This sensation often stems from two main causes: rapid drops in blood sugar and dehydration. When blood sugar falls too quickly, whether from medication or reduced food intake, the brain receives less glucose, leading to lightheadedness or even confusion. Similarly, dehydration from nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea can lower blood pressure and reduce blood flow to the brain, causing dizziness.
Mild episodes may pass with rest, hydration, and a snack, but persistent or severe dizziness should never be ignored. According to the Verywell Health overview of Ozempic side effects, patients who experience repeated dizziness should monitor their hydration status and check their blood sugar levels regularly.
If dizziness becomes severe, leads to fainting, or is accompanied by chest pain, confusion, or weakness, stop taking Ozempic and seek medical attention immediately. Pausing medication may be necessary until the underlying cause is addressed. Always consult your healthcare provider before making any changes to your treatment plan to ensure your safety.

16. Rapid Heartbeat (Tachycardia)

Some Ozempic users have reported experiencing a rapid heartbeat—a sensation medically known as tachycardia. While not as common as gastrointestinal side effects, a racing heart can be alarming and may indicate the need for further evaluation. This side effect might be triggered by dehydration, low blood sugar, anxiety, or as a direct reaction to the medication.
Clinical trials have noted a slight increase in heart rate among those taking GLP-1 receptor agonists, including Ozempic, compared to other diabetes medications. While the increase is typically modest, individuals with pre-existing heart conditions or arrhythmias may be more vulnerable and should be closely monitored. According to the Medscape review on GLP-1 agonists and heart rate, cardiac monitoring may be warranted for high-risk patients.
If you notice a sustained rapid heartbeat, palpitations, chest pain, or shortness of breath while using Ozempic, seek medical attention promptly. Regular pulse checks and open communication with your healthcare provider are important, especially if you have a history of heart disease. Do not ignore persistent or severe symptoms, as they may require dose adjustments or a switch to a different medication.

17. Thyroid Tumor Risk

One of the more alarming concerns associated with Ozempic is a possible risk of thyroid C-cell tumors, particularly medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). This risk was first identified in animal studies, where rodents developed thyroid tumors after prolonged exposure to GLP-1 receptor agonists like Ozempic. As a result, the U.S. FDA requires a boxed warning on Ozempic’s label about this potential risk see FDA label.
However, it’s important to note that these findings have not been definitively linked to humans. Large clinical trials to date have not shown a clear increase in thyroid tumors among people using Ozempic. Still, the possibility cannot be entirely ruled out, and those with a personal or family history of medullary thyroid carcinoma or Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia syndrome type 2 (MEN 2) are advised to avoid this medication.
Symptoms of thyroid problems can include a lump in the neck, hoarseness, difficulty swallowing, or persistent throat pain. If you notice any of these symptoms, notify your doctor right away. Ongoing monitoring and open communication with your healthcare provider are essential if you have any thyroid concerns while taking Ozempic.

18. Hair Loss

Anecdotal reports and patient testimonials have drawn attention to hair thinning or hair loss in some individuals using Ozempic. While not listed as a common side effect in clinical trials, increased hair shedding has been noted by users across online forums and in real-world experiences. The cause is not fully understood, but experts believe it may be linked to rapid weight loss, nutritional deficiencies, or the physiological stress of significant body changes.
Sudden weight loss, which is sometimes seen with Ozempic, can trigger a condition called telogen effluvium, where more hair follicles than usual enter the resting phase and are shed within a few months. Stress—whether physical or emotional—can also contribute to temporary hair thinning. According to the WebMD coverage on Ozempic and hair loss, dermatologists have started to see more patients reporting this side effect, especially among those who lose weight quickly.
If you notice significant hair loss while taking Ozempic, consult your healthcare provider. Nutritional support and stress management may help reduce the impact. In most cases, hair regrowth occurs once the body adjusts, but ongoing or severe shedding should always be evaluated to rule out other underlying causes.

19. Taste Changes

Some Ozempic users report experiencing altered or metallic taste sensations, a side effect known medically as dysgeusia. Though not as widely recognized as other gastrointestinal symptoms, taste changes can have a surprising impact on appetite and overall nutrition. Food may suddenly taste off, bland, or carry a persistent metallic flavor, making mealtimes less enjoyable and discouraging adequate food intake.
This side effect is not unique to Ozempic; similar complaints have been documented with other diabetes and weight loss medications, including metformin and certain GLP-1 agonists. Experts believe these changes may be linked to the drug’s impact on gut hormones and overall metabolism. According to the Medical News Today review of Ozempic side effects, taste alterations are typically mild but can become bothersome if they persist.
If you notice a metallic taste or reduced enjoyment of food, try experimenting with different flavors, spices, or temperatures to find what appeals to you. Maintaining adequate nutrition is important, so speak with your healthcare provider if taste changes lead to reduced food intake or weight loss beyond your targets. Most cases resolve over time, but ongoing symptoms should be addressed.

20. Dry Mouth

A number of Ozempic users report experiencing dry mouth, or xerostomia, during treatment. This sensation can range from mild discomfort to a persistent dryness that affects speech, taste, and swallowing. Dry mouth is often linked to dehydration, which may result from the drug’s gastrointestinal side effects, such as vomiting or diarrhea, or from reduced fluid intake as appetite decreases.
Chronic dry mouth can also contribute to dental health problems, including cavities, gum disease, and bad breath. Saliva plays an essential role in neutralizing acids and controlling bacteria in the mouth, so its reduction can have a cascading effect on oral health. According to the Colgate Oral Care Center, maintaining good oral hygiene and hydration is especially important for those experiencing xerostomia.
To manage dry mouth, sip water frequently throughout the day, chew sugar-free gum to stimulate saliva, and avoid caffeine or alcohol, which can worsen dryness. Regular dental checkups and diligent oral care are crucial for preventing complications. If dry mouth persists or leads to mouth sores, consult your dentist or healthcare provider for additional support.

21. Increased Anxiety

Though not commonly discussed in official guidelines, there have been rare reports of increased anxiety or mood changes in some people taking Ozempic. These mental health symptoms can manifest as restlessness, irritability, difficulty sleeping, or heightened worry, sometimes appearing after the medication is started or the dose is increased. The exact mechanism is unclear, but rapid shifts in blood sugar, appetite, and overall metabolism may play a role.
While large clinical trials have not identified anxiety as a frequent side effect, patient forums and anecdotal accounts suggest it may occur in a small subset of users. According to the Medical News Today summary of Ozempic side effects, any new or worsening mental health symptoms should be taken seriously, even if they are not officially recognized.
It’s important to monitor your mood and mental well-being during treatment, especially if you have a history of anxiety, depression, or other psychiatric conditions. Regular mental health screening and open communication with your healthcare provider can help catch issues early. If anxiety or mood changes become severe or interfere with daily functioning, seek professional support promptly.

22. Depression Symptoms

Emerging evidence and patient reports have raised questions about whether GLP-1 medications like Ozempic can trigger depression symptoms in a small subset of users. While the biological link is not fully understood, rapid metabolic changes, shifts in appetite, weight, and blood sugar may affect brain chemistry and mood regulation. Some individuals have described a new or worsening sense of sadness, hopelessness, or loss of interest in activities after starting Ozempic.
Though large-scale clinical data do not yet confirm a direct association, the possibility should not be dismissed—especially for those with a personal or family history of mood disorders. According to the Drugs.com listing for Ozempic, any new mood symptoms should be reported to your healthcare provider immediately, even if they seem mild at first.
If you or someone you know experiences persistent sadness, loss of motivation, changes in sleep or appetite, or thoughts of self-harm while on Ozempic, seek help right away. Early intervention and open dialogue with your provider are crucial for preventing symptoms from worsening. Mental health is just as important as physical well-being during any chronic medication therapy.

23. Sleep Disturbances

Some people using Ozempic have reported sleep disturbances such as insomnia, restless nights, or unusually vivid dreams. These issues may be related to the body’s adjustment to new blood sugar levels, as fluctuations in glucose can disrupt normal sleep patterns and affect how deeply you rest. Additionally, side effects like nausea, anxiety, or frequent urination from increased hydration may also contribute to poor sleep quality.
Although not formally listed as a common side effect, anecdotal reports and some clinical experiences suggest that GLP-1 agonists may subtly interfere with the body’s circadian rhythms for certain users. According to the Sleep Foundation’s overview on diabetes and sleep, managing blood sugar is closely tied to sleep quality and duration.
To reduce sleep disturbances, practice good sleep hygiene: maintain a consistent bedtime, limit screen time before bed, and avoid heavy meals or caffeine in the evening. Track your sleep patterns and report any persistent problems to your healthcare provider. Addressing sleep issues early can improve both mental and physical health, making it easier to stay on track with your medication and wellness goals.

24. Loss of Appetite

One of the hallmark effects of Ozempic is a suppressed appetite, which drives its popularity for weight loss. By acting on specific gut hormones, Ozempic helps users feel full sooner and for longer periods after eating. While this can be beneficial for those seeking to lose weight, it also increases the risk of undereating, especially when combined with digestive side effects like nausea or an altered sense of taste.
Some people find themselves skipping meals or eating far less than intended, which can lead to nutritional deficiencies, fatigue, and muscle loss over time. According to the CDC’s medication guidance for diabetes, it is important to monitor not just weight, but also the quality and quantity of food consumed while on GLP-1 medications.
If you notice a significant drop in appetite, make a conscious effort to choose nutrient-dense foods and adjust portion sizes so you are still meeting your daily nutritional needs. Consult your healthcare provider if you experience persistent lack of appetite or unintended weight loss, as your medication dose or dietary plan may need to be adjusted for optimal health.

25. Difficulty Swallowing (Dysphagia)

Although rare, some individuals taking Ozempic have reported difficulty swallowing, a condition known as dysphagia. This symptom can be unsettling and, in severe cases, may interfere with nutrition or hydration. Experts believe this effect may be linked to Ozempic’s action in slowing gastric emptying and altering the movement of food through the digestive tract, which can sometimes cause sensations of food sticking or sluggish passage down the esophagus.
In most cases, mild dysphagia is temporary and resolves as the body adapts to the medication. However, persistent or worsening swallowing problems should not be ignored, as they can increase the risk of choking or aspiration. According to the NIH review on GLP-1 agonists and gastrointestinal effects, any new or severe swallowing symptoms should prompt a thorough medical evaluation to rule out complications such as severe gastroparesis or esophageal spasm.
If you find it consistently hard to swallow, especially if accompanied by pain, weight loss, or regurgitation, seek medical advice right away. Prompt diagnosis and intervention are crucial to ensure safety and maintain adequate nutrition while on Ozempic.

26. Skin Rash

Some Ozempic users experience skin rashes or hives, which can vary from mild redness or itching to widespread, raised welts. These reactions may appear shortly after starting the medication or after a dose increase. Skin issues can originate from both allergic and non-allergic mechanisms. Allergic reactions, though rare, are more serious and may be accompanied by swelling, difficulty breathing, or severe itching—signs that require immediate medical attention.
Non-allergic rashes, on the other hand, might result from irritation at the injection site, changes in immune response, or altered skin hydration due to metabolic shifts. According to the Mayo Clinic’s guide to semaglutide side effects, mild skin reactions are often manageable with topical creams or antihistamines and typically resolve on their own.
If you develop a skin rash that is persistent, spreading, or accompanied by other symptoms like mouth swelling or trouble breathing, seek emergency care. Distinguishing between mild irritation and a true allergic reaction is vital for your safety. Always notify your healthcare provider about any new or unusual skin symptoms.

27. Sweating

Excessive or unpredictable sweating can occur in some people taking Ozempic, often catching users off guard. While sweating is a natural way for the body to regulate temperature, sudden or profuse sweating may be a sign of blood sugar fluctuations—especially if it coincides with episodes of hypoglycemia. As blood glucose drops, the body’s fight-or-flight response is triggered, causing a surge in stress hormones and resulting in clammy skin or drenching sweats.
Beyond blood sugar changes, Ozempic’s influence on gut and metabolic hormones may also play a role in altering sweat patterns. Some individuals notice sweating after injections, during digestion, or even at night. According to the Diabetes.co.uk resource on sweating and diabetes, these symptoms can indicate instability in glucose control or heightened sensitivity to hormonal changes.
If you experience excessive sweating, especially when paired with dizziness, shakiness, or confusion, check your blood sugar and take action if levels are low. Persistent or unexplained sweating should be discussed with your healthcare provider, as it may signal the need to adjust your medication or monitor for other underlying conditions.

28. Increased Urination

Some Ozempic users notice a marked increase in urination, especially during the initial weeks of treatment. This symptom can arise as the body adjusts to improved blood sugar control. When blood sugar levels drop from previously high levels, the kidneys work to eliminate excess glucose, leading to increased urine output—a process known as osmotic diuresis.
Additionally, increased thirst and fluid intake, often recommended to offset other side effects like constipation or dry mouth, can further boost urinary frequency. According to the CDC’s diabetes symptoms guide, frequent urination is a classic sign that blood glucose levels are shifting, whether improving or becoming unstable.
While increased urination is often temporary and harmless, it can lead to dehydration if fluids are not adequately replaced. To prevent dehydration, drink plenty of water and monitor for signs such as dark urine, dry mouth, or dizziness. If urination remains excessive or is accompanied by pain, blood, or fever, consult your healthcare provider promptly. Persistent symptoms can indicate an underlying urinary tract issue or the need for medication adjustment.

29. Muscle Cramps

Muscle cramps are an uncomfortable but sometimes overlooked side effect among Ozempic users. These sudden, painful spasms often affect the legs, feet, or hands, and can disrupt sleep or daily activities. The most likely causes are electrolyte imbalances and dehydration, which may result from increased urination, diarrhea, or inadequate fluid intake—common issues with GLP-1 medications.
Electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, and magnesium play a vital role in muscle function. When Ozempic or its side effects disrupt the body’s fluid and mineral balance, cramping can follow. According to the Cedars-Sinai guide on muscle cramps, staying hydrated and ensuring adequate intake of key minerals can help reduce the frequency and severity of cramps.
Simple strategies like gentle stretching, regular movement, and drinking water throughout the day can decrease cramp risk. If cramps are severe or persistent, discuss them with your healthcare provider, as they may signal a need for bloodwork or adjustments in medication or diet. Quick action can restore comfort and keep you on track with your treatment plan.

30. Back Pain

Back pain is a side effect occasionally reported by those taking Ozempic, although its direct connection to the medication remains unclear. Some users describe mild discomfort, while others experience more persistent or severe pain. It’s possible this symptom results from muscle strain, electrolyte changes, or postural shifts during periods of rapid weight loss, all of which can be triggered or exacerbated by Ozempic’s metabolic effects.
While back pain is not unique to Ozempic and has also been observed with other diabetes medications—particularly those that affect fluid and electrolyte balance—the incidence appears relatively low. According to the RxList compendium of Ozempic side effects, musculoskeletal discomfort, including back pain, is listed as a possible but uncommon adverse effect.
If you begin experiencing new or worsening back pain after starting Ozempic, try gentle stretching, low-impact exercise, and maintaining proper posture. Persistent or severe pain should be evaluated by a healthcare provider to rule out underlying conditions such as kidney problems, nerve issues, or musculoskeletal injury. Early intervention ensures your comfort and continued success with diabetes or weight management.

31. Chest Pain

Although rare, there have been serious reports of chest pain in people taking Ozempic. This symptom warrants immediate attention, as it can signal a range of conditions—from benign acid reflux to life-threatening cardiac events. Sometimes, Ozempic-induced nausea, vomiting, or slowed digestion may trigger acid reflux, causing burning chest discomfort. However, in other cases, chest pain could be related to an abnormal heart rhythm or even a heart attack, especially in those with underlying cardiovascular risks.
It is important to differentiate between mild, short-lived discomfort and pain that is severe, persistent, or associated with other symptoms such as shortness of breath, sweating, dizziness, or pain radiating to the arm or jaw. According to the American Heart Association, chest pain with these warning signs should always be treated as a medical emergency.
If you experience sudden or severe chest pain, call 911 immediately—do not attempt to drive yourself to the hospital or wait for symptoms to subside. Prompt action can mean the difference between life and death. For mild or recurring chest discomfort, consult your healthcare provider for evaluation and guidance.

32. Swelling of Hands or Feet (Edema)

Some Ozempic users experience swelling of the hands or feet, a condition known as edema. This fluid retention can range from mild puffiness to more pronounced swelling that makes rings, shoes, or socks feel tight. Edema may develop gradually or appear suddenly, and it is sometimes accompanied by a feeling of heaviness or discomfort in the affected limbs.
While mild edema is relatively common with many medications, persistent or severe swelling should be taken seriously, as it can signal underlying problems such as heart, liver, or kidney dysfunction. Ozempic may contribute to fluid retention by affecting blood vessels and the balance of electrolytes in the body. According to the National Kidney Foundation, swelling can also be a warning sign of impaired kidney function—especially if accompanied by reduced urine output, shortness of breath, or fatigue.
If you notice new or worsening swelling, elevate your legs, reduce salt intake, and monitor your weight daily for sudden changes. Contact your healthcare provider if swelling is severe, persistent, or associated with other symptoms. Prompt assessment ensures that any underlying issue is addressed before it becomes more serious.

33. Increased Risk of Infection

An underappreciated risk with Ozempic is a potential increase in infections, particularly urinary tract and skin infections. While Ozempic itself is not a direct immunosuppressant, changes in hydration, blood sugar control, and immune function may make some users more susceptible to bacterial or fungal invaders. Dehydration can concentrate urine, impairing the body’s natural flushing mechanism and creating an environment where bacteria can thrive—raising the risk of urinary tract infections (UTIs).
Similarly, skin integrity may suffer due to dehydration, rapid weight loss, or localized irritation from injections, making it easier for microbes to enter and cause infections. According to the CDC’s guidance on managing diabetes complications, any break in the skin should be monitored closely for signs of infection, such as redness, swelling, warmth, or pus.
To reduce infection risk, practice good hygiene, stay well-hydrated, and promptly report any signs of urinary discomfort, fever, or unusual skin changes to your healthcare provider. Early recognition and treatment of infections are essential for preventing complications and maintaining overall health while on Ozempic.

34. Joint Pain

Joint pain, or arthralgia, has been noted by some individuals taking Ozempic. This discomfort may involve the knees, hips, wrists, or other joints and can range from mild aches to persistent pain that disrupts daily activities. One possible explanation is that rapid weight loss—often experienced with Ozempic—alters the stress placed on joints, sometimes resulting in temporary soreness as the body adapts.
Additionally, GLP-1 medications, including Ozempic, can in rare cases trigger inflammatory responses in the body that may contribute to joint discomfort. According to the Arthritis Foundation, both rapid weight reduction and metabolic shifts can temporarily aggravate joint and muscle pain, especially in those with pre-existing conditions such as arthritis.
If you notice new or worsening joint pain after starting Ozempic, gentle exercise, stretching, and supportive footwear may help ease symptoms. Persistent, severe, or swollen joints should be evaluated by your healthcare provider to rule out other causes or the need for medication adjustment. Early intervention can help restore mobility and comfort while keeping you on track with your health goals.

35. Allergic Reactions

Although rare, allergic reactions to Ozempic can be dangerous and require immediate medical attention. Signs of an allergic reaction include sudden swelling of the face, lips, tongue, or throat; hives or a widespread rash; itching; and difficulty breathing or swallowing. These symptoms can develop within minutes to hours after an injection and may progress quickly to life-threatening anaphylaxis.
Other warning signs may include severe dizziness, rapid heartbeat, or a feeling of impending doom. According to the Mayo Clinic’s safety guide for semaglutide, any of these symptoms should prompt an immediate call to 911 or emergency services. Do not attempt to drive yourself or wait to see if the reaction subsides on its own.
If you have a known allergy to any component of Ozempic or have experienced allergic reactions to similar medications in the past, inform your healthcare provider before starting treatment. Always have an emergency plan in place and educate those around you about the signs of severe allergic reactions so they can respond quickly if needed. Early intervention can be lifesaving.

36. Difficulty Concentrating

A number of Ozempic users have reported episodes of difficulty concentrating or so-called “brain fog.” This feeling may include forgetfulness, trouble focusing, or mental sluggishness that can interfere with daily tasks or work responsibilities. The underlying cause is often related to blood sugar fluctuations—when glucose levels drop too quickly or are not well-balanced, the brain may not get the steady supply of fuel it needs, leading to cognitive symptoms.
Rapid changes in metabolism, dehydration, and fatigue can also contribute to problems with focus and memory. According to the CDC’s overview of diabetes management challenges, maintaining consistent blood sugar is key for optimal mental function.
If you experience brain fog or trouble concentrating while on Ozempic, prioritize regular meals and snacks, stay hydrated, and get adequate sleep. Limiting distractions and taking short breaks throughout the day can also help. Persistent or severe cognitive difficulties should be discussed with your healthcare provider to rule out other causes and optimize your diabetes or weight loss treatment plan. Effective management can restore mental clarity and improve overall well-being.

37. Menstrual Changes

Some women taking Ozempic have reported experiencing menstrual changes, including irregular periods, heavier or lighter bleeding, or missed cycles. While clinical trials haven’t focused extensively on reproductive side effects, rapid weight loss, nutritional changes, and shifts in metabolic hormones can all disrupt normal menstrual rhythms. Ozempic’s impact on appetite and body composition may also influence levels of estrogen and other reproductive hormones.
There is a well-established link between significant weight changes and alterations in menstrual patterns, as the body adjusts to different energy and nutrient levels. According to the NIH review of metabolic effects on reproductive health, hormonal imbalances from medical weight loss therapies can sometimes affect fertility and menstrual regularity.
If you notice changes in your period while on Ozempic—especially if you are planning a pregnancy or have a history of reproductive health issues—discuss these symptoms with your healthcare provider. Tracking cycle changes and communicating openly about reproductive health is important for ensuring appropriate care and monitoring. Most menstrual changes resolve with time, but persistent or severe symptoms deserve a thorough evaluation.

38. Decreased Sexual Desire

Some Ozempic users have noticed a decrease in sexual desire or libido. While this side effect is not always discussed in clinical settings, hormonal and metabolic changes brought on by rapid weight loss or shifts in appetite can impact sexual health. The body’s intricate hormone systems—including testosterone and estrogen—are sensitive to changes in nutrition, body composition, and stress, all of which may be influenced by GLP-1 medications like Ozempic.
Similar libido changes have been reported with other blood sugar and weight loss medications, as well as during periods of significant lifestyle change. According to the Healthline review on Ozempic and sex, some individuals may also experience decreased energy, mood changes, or reduced self-esteem, which can further affect sexual interest and satisfaction.
If you experience a noticeable drop in sexual desire, consider whether recent medication adjustments, stress, or relationship factors may be contributing. Open communication with your healthcare provider is essential—they can help identify underlying causes and suggest strategies to restore sexual well-being. Addressing these issues early ensures a more balanced and fulfilling approach to overall health.

39. Tinnitus (Ringing in Ears)

A small number of Ozempic users have reported experiencing tinnitus, or ringing in the ears. While this is a rare side effect and not widely documented in clinical trials, anecdotal accounts suggest that it can develop after starting GLP-1 medications. The exact cause is unclear, but experts speculate that rapid shifts in blood sugar, vascular changes, or nervous system effects may play a role.
Tinnitus can manifest as a persistent ringing, buzzing, or hissing sound, and may be accompanied by dizziness, headaches, or changes in hearing. According to the American Tinnitus Association, metabolic and circulatory factors are known contributors to tinnitus symptoms, especially in individuals with diabetes or cardiovascular conditions.
If you experience new or worsening tinnitus while taking Ozempic, monitor for other symptoms such as hearing loss, severe headaches, or balance problems. Report persistent or distressing tinnitus to your healthcare provider, as it may signal an underlying issue that requires further evaluation. Early intervention can help manage symptoms and rule out more serious neurological or vascular conditions.

40. Increased Risk of Intestinal Blockage

Although extremely rare, Ozempic’s effect on gut motility may lead to an increased risk of intestinal blockage, or bowel obstruction, in susceptible individuals. By slowing gastric emptying and the movement of food through the intestines, Ozempic can, in isolated cases, cause food or stool to move sluggishly—sometimes leading to a physical blockage. Those with a history of gastrointestinal surgeries, chronic constipation, or other digestive disorders may be at greater risk.
Symptoms of intestinal blockage include severe and persistent abdominal pain, bloating, vomiting, constipation, and the inability to pass gas or stool. According to the Mayo Clinic’s overview of intestinal obstruction, this condition requires prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent life-threatening complications such as infection or bowel perforation.
If you experience sudden, intense abdominal pain with vomiting and an absence of bowel movements, seek emergency medical care immediately. Early intervention, including imaging and possible surgery, may be necessary. Discuss any history of bowel issues with your healthcare provider before starting Ozempic to reduce your risk and ensure close monitoring.

41. Difficulty Breathing

While extremely rare, difficulty breathing has been reported in some people using Ozempic. This serious symptom may arise from several causes, including a severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis), which can cause airway swelling, or aspiration of stomach contents due to severe vomiting or delayed gastric emptying. Both scenarios require immediate medical attention.
Other potential causes include chest tightness related to cardiac side effects, or, in rare instances, a respiratory infection or bronchospasm. According to the CDC’s warning signs for diabetes emergencies, any difficulty breathing, especially when accompanied by hives, swelling, or a feeling of throat closure, should be treated as a medical emergency.
If you experience sudden shortness of breath, wheezing, swelling of the lips or throat, or severe chest tightness, call 911 immediately. Do not attempt to drive or wait to see if symptoms resolve. For mild or ongoing breathing issues, notify your healthcare provider promptly. Early intervention is critical for preventing escalation and ensuring your safety while using Ozempic or any other medication.

42. Voice Changes

Some Ozempic users report voice changes, such as hoarseness, a raspy tone, or loss of vocal strength. While not a widely recognized side effect, there are plausible explanations for why this could occur. One potential cause is irritation from acid reflux—Ozempic can slow gastric emptying, increasing the risk of acid backing up into the esophagus and throat, which can inflame the vocal cords. Another concern is the thyroid, as the medication carries a warning for potential thyroid C-cell tumors, which might affect nearby structures including the larynx.
According to the American Academy of Otolaryngology, persistent hoarseness or vocal changes should always be evaluated, as they can indicate irritation, infection, reflux, or even more serious conditions affecting the throat or thyroid gland.
If you notice ongoing voice changes, especially if accompanied by a lump in the neck, difficulty swallowing, or unexplained throat pain, consult your healthcare provider for further assessment. Early evaluation is crucial to rule out reflux complications or thyroid abnormalities and to preserve vocal health while using Ozempic.

43. Increased Risk of Suicidal Thoughts

Recently, regulatory agencies like the FDA and EMA have issued warnings about a potential increased risk of suicidal thoughts or behaviors in some users of GLP-1 medications, including Ozempic. While suicidal ideation is rare, real-world reports and post-marketing surveillance have prompted further investigation into possible links between these medications and mood disturbances. The FDA currently requires that drug manufacturers monitor and report any incidents of suicidal thoughts or actions among Ozempic users see FDA announcement.
The exact mechanism behind these psychological effects is not fully understood but may be related to rapid changes in metabolism, weight, or appetite that could impact brain chemistry. Individuals with a history of depression, anxiety, or other psychiatric conditions may be more vulnerable.
If you or someone you know develops new or worsening depression, suicidal thoughts, or self-harming behaviors while taking Ozempic, seek help immediately. Contact a mental health professional or call emergency services if there is any concern for safety. Open communication with your healthcare team can ensure early intervention and appropriate support during treatment.

44. Impaired Taste or Smell

A rare but notable side effect among some Ozempic users is impaired taste or smell. This symptom, also called dysgeusia (for taste) or hyposmia (for smell), may manifest as a dulling of flavors, a metallic taste, or a reduced ability to detect scents. While not widely reported in clinical trials, anecdotal evidence and patient accounts suggest that this can affect appetite and enjoyment of food.
The mechanisms behind these sensory changes are not fully understood, but experts theorize that metabolic shifts, hormonal changes, or even mild nerve irritation could play a role. According to the Mount Sinai Health Library, altered taste and smell can have practical implications for nutrition and safety, as they may lead to reduced food intake or difficulties detecting spoiled food and environmental hazards.
If you notice impaired taste or smell while taking Ozempic, focus on nutrient-dense foods and consider experimenting with different textures and seasonings to enhance your meals. Report persistent sensory changes to your healthcare provider so they can help ensure you’re maintaining adequate nutrition and rule out other underlying causes.

45. Increased Risk for Certain Cancers

There is ongoing research into whether GLP-1 drugs like Ozempic might be linked to an increased risk for certain types of cancer, most notably thyroid and pancreatic cancer. Animal studies have shown that these medications can increase the risk of thyroid C-cell tumors, which led to boxed warnings on drug labels. However, large-scale human studies have yet to confirm a definitive connection. According to the National Cancer Institute, the risk for thyroid cancer in people using GLP-1 agonists remains unproven but under close surveillance.
There has also been discussion about a possible link between GLP-1 drugs and pancreatic cancer. Some observational studies have suggested a small increased risk, but results are inconsistent, and many researchers believe more data is needed before firm conclusions can be drawn. The FDA and other regulatory agencies continue to monitor post-marketing reports and emerging research closely.
If you have a personal or family history of thyroid or pancreatic cancer, discuss it with your healthcare provider before starting Ozempic. Stay informed about new research and communicate any new symptoms—such as persistent abdominal pain or neck lumps—promptly for early detection and intervention.

46. Delayed Wound Healing

Some individuals taking Ozempic have reported delayed wound healing, a concern that is especially relevant for people with diabetes, who already face challenges in skin and tissue repair. While Ozempic itself is not known to directly impair healing, its indirect effects—such as dehydration, rapid weight loss, or fluctuations in blood sugar—can potentially slow the body’s natural recovery processes. Research on GLP-1 drugs and wound healing is ongoing, but some studies suggest that metabolic shifts may influence immune response and tissue regeneration see NIH review.
Slow or incomplete healing increases the risk of infection and complications, particularly for minor cuts, surgical incisions, or diabetic foot ulcers. Proper wound care is therefore essential. Clean wounds gently, keep them covered and moist, and monitor closely for signs of redness, swelling, or pus.
If you notice that wounds are not healing as expected, or if you develop signs of infection, consult your healthcare provider promptly. Early intervention can help prevent more serious problems. Maintaining good hydration, balanced nutrition, and stable blood sugar levels are practical steps to support the healing process while on Ozempic.

47. Increased Risk of Hypersensitivity Reactions

Ozempic, like other injectable medications, can rarely trigger hypersensitivity reactions—immune-mediated responses that go beyond simple allergic rashes. These reactions may include symptoms such as fever, widespread rash, facial or limb swelling, and sometimes joint pain or difficulty breathing. Unlike classic allergic reactions, hypersensitivity can develop hours or even days after an injection and may involve multiple organ systems.
The FDA and other regulatory agencies have documented post-marketing reports of immune-mediated events with GLP-1 drugs, though these remain uncommon. According to the FDA’s Ozempic safety page, patients should be alert for any unexpected symptoms—especially fever, hives, or swelling—after starting or escalating their dosage.
If you suspect a hypersensitivity reaction, stop the medication immediately and seek medical attention. Prompt recognition is crucial to prevent more serious complications such as anaphylaxis or organ involvement. Always inform your healthcare provider about past medication reactions, and keep an updated list of your allergies and immune-related medical history on hand for emergencies.

48. Fluctuating Blood Pressure

Some users of Ozempic have reported fluctuating blood pressure, experiencing both episodes of high (hypertension) and low (hypotension) readings. While Ozempic is not primarily known for affecting blood pressure, its impact on metabolism, hydration, and appetite can indirectly influence cardiovascular dynamics. For example, dehydration from gastrointestinal side effects or rapid weight loss can lower blood pressure, causing dizziness or fainting. Conversely, stress, anxiety, or changes in kidney function may elevate blood pressure in some individuals.
A review in the journal Circulation notes that GLP-1 agonists may have a mild blood-pressure-lowering effect overall, but individual responses can vary widely.
It’s important to monitor your blood pressure regularly, especially when starting Ozempic or changing your dose. If you experience symptoms like persistent headaches, vision changes, chest pain, or repeated episodes of dizziness or fainting, contact your healthcare provider immediately. Keeping a blood pressure diary and staying well-hydrated can help you and your provider track trends and make adjustments to your treatment as needed for optimal cardiovascular health.

49. Increased Risk of Dehydration

Ozempic can raise the risk of dehydration, especially when side effects like vomiting, diarrhea, or significant appetite loss occur. When the body loses more fluids than it takes in, essential processes—including kidney function, blood pressure regulation, and temperature control—can become compromised. Dehydration may develop quickly, particularly if gastrointestinal symptoms are severe or prolonged.
Warning signs include dry mouth, dark-colored urine, dizziness, rapid heartbeat, or feeling unusually tired. Chronic dehydration can also worsen the risk of kidney injury and increase the likelihood of complications from other Ozempic side effects. According to CDC’s guidelines on hydration and nutrition, regular fluid intake is essential for maintaining health, especially when appetite is reduced or fluid losses are high.
To prevent dehydration, sip water throughout the day and consider oral rehydration solutions if you’re experiencing persistent vomiting or diarrhea. If you cannot keep fluids down, or notice signs of dehydration that do not improve, seek medical care promptly. Early recognition and intervention are key to staying healthy and safe while using Ozempic.

50. Drug Interactions

Ozempic can interact with a variety of other medications, sometimes intensifying side effects or impacting effectiveness. One of the most important interactions is with insulin and oral diabetes drugs such as sulfonylureas. When combined, these can significantly increase the risk of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), requiring close monitoring and possible dose adjustments. Additionally, Ozempic’s effect on slowing gastric emptying can alter the absorption of other oral medications, including certain antibiotics and drugs with a narrow therapeutic index.
According to the Drugs.com database on Ozempic interactions, care should be taken when starting or stopping other medications while using Ozempic, as interactions may not always be predictable.
To minimize risk, keep a current list of all your medications and share it with your healthcare team. Always consult your provider or pharmacist before adding, stopping, or changing any drug, especially if you notice new side effects or changes in how your medications are working. Proactive management of drug interactions helps maximize both safety and therapeutic results while on Ozempic.

Conclusion

Ozempic’s effectiveness for diabetes and weight loss has made it a popular choice, but its hidden side effects can impact nearly every body system, often in subtle or unexpected ways. Staying informed and vigilant is crucial—many of these risks may go unrecognized unless patients and providers actively monitor for them.
Regular check-ins with your healthcare team, open discussion about new or unusual symptoms, and periodic screening for key risks like kidney function, vision changes, and mental health concerns are essential for safe, long-term use.
Your health is a partnership—never hesitate to ask questions or request additional monitoring. Proactive, personalized care ensures you reap the benefits of Ozempic while minimizing its hidden dangers. For more in-depth safety information, visit the FDA’s official Ozempic resource.

Disclaimer

The information provided in this article is for general informational purposes only. While we strive to keep the information up-to-date and correct, we make no representations or warranties of any kind, express or implied, about the completeness, accuracy, reliability, suitability, or availability with respect to the article or the information, products, services, or related graphics contained in the article for any purpose. Any reliance you place on such information is therefore strictly at your own risk.

In no event will we be liable for any loss or damage including without limitation, indirect or consequential loss or damage, or any loss or damage whatsoever arising from loss of data or profits arising out of, or in connection with, the use of this article.

Through this article you are able to link to other websites which are not under our control. We have no control over the nature, content, and availability of those sites. The inclusion of any links does not necessarily imply a recommendation or endorse the views expressed within them.

Every effort is made to keep the article up and running smoothly. However, we take no responsibility for, and will not be liable for, the article being temporarily unavailable due to technical issues beyond our control.