What Are the Signs of a Heart Attack in Women?

1. Chest Pain or Discomfort

Chest pain is widely recognized as the hallmark symptom of a heart attack. However, in women, this discomfort often manifests in less obvious ways. While men commonly describe a sharp, crushing pain, women may experience a sensation of pressure, tightness, squeezing, or fullness in the chest. These symptoms can be subtle, sometimes mistaken for indigestion, stress, or even muscle strain. For example, some women report a persistent ache, burning, or an uncomfortable heaviness that comes and goes, rather than continuous pain.

It is vital not to ignore these warning signs, even if they seem mild or atypical. According to the American Heart Association, chest discomfort lasting more than a few minutes, or that disappears and returns, warrants immediate medical attention. If you experience unexplained chest pressure, fullness, or pain—especially if accompanied by other symptoms such as shortness of breath or nausea—call emergency services right away. Early recognition and prompt treatment can be lifesaving, as even subtle chest symptoms may indicate an evolving heart attack in women.

2. Shortness of Breath

Shortness of breath, or difficulty breathing, is a significant symptom of heart attacks in women and may occur with or without chest pain. This symptom arises because the heart, when deprived of oxygen due to a blockage, struggles to pump blood efficiently, leading to a backup of fluid in the lungs and reduced oxygen delivery to the body. Women may feel suddenly winded during routine activities or even while at rest. In some cases, this breathlessness is accompanied by lightheadedness, fatigue, or a cold sweat.

Unlike breathlessness caused by conditions such as asthma or respiratory infections, heart attack-related shortness of breath often comes on suddenly and is not relieved by rest. It may be especially concerning if it appears with other symptoms like nausea, upper body discomfort, or unexplained fatigue. According to the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services: Office on Women’s Health, women are more likely than men to present with “silent” symptoms like unexplained breathlessness. If you experience sudden, intense shortness of breath—especially if it is new or unexplained—it is critical to seek emergency medical care immediately, as this can be a sign of a cardiac event.

3. Unusual Fatigue

Unusual or overwhelming fatigue is a commonly reported but often overlooked warning sign of a heart attack in women. Unlike typical tiredness from a busy day or lack of sleep, this type of fatigue is sudden, severe, and doesn’t improve with rest. Women may notice an inability to complete routine tasks, such as walking across a room or shopping for groceries, without feeling exceptionally drained. This exhaustion can last for days or appear abruptly before or during a heart attack.

The key difference between normal tiredness and cardiac-related fatigue is the intensity and abrupt onset. While everyone experiences tiredness from time to time, heart attack-related fatigue is more profound and may be accompanied by other symptoms like shortness of breath or chest discomfort. According to the Go Red for Women (American Heart Association), more than 70% of women who have experienced a heart attack reported unusual fatigue in the weeks leading up to the event. It is crucial to pay attention to sudden, unexplained changes in energy levels and seek medical attention if overwhelming fatigue appears without a clear cause, as this could signal a serious cardiac issue.

4. Nausea or Vomiting

Nausea and vomiting are symptoms that can accompany a heart attack, particularly in women. This happens because a heart attack may reduce blood flow to the stomach and digestive tract, leading to gastrointestinal distress. Additionally, the heart and digestive system share certain nerve pathways, so pain or stress on the heart can trigger a queasy stomach or an urge to vomit. Women are more likely than men to experience these symptoms as a primary sign of a heart attack, which often leads to misinterpretation as food poisoning, indigestion, or a stomach virus.

It is common for women to dismiss nausea or vomiting as a temporary digestive issue, especially if they occur without chest pain. However, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and Office on Women’s Health emphasize the importance of recognizing when gastrointestinal symptoms are paired with other warning signs, such as unusual fatigue, shortness of breath, or upper body discomfort. If nausea or vomiting arises suddenly and is not clearly linked to a known cause, or if it occurs alongside other possible symptoms of a heart attack, it is critical to seek emergency medical care without delay.

5. Pain in the Neck, Jaw, or Back

Pain radiating to the neck, jaw, or upper back is a less recognized but significant symptom of a heart attack, especially in women. This type of discomfort occurs because the nerves that supply the heart also connect to these areas, so cardiac pain can be “referred” to regions beyond the chest. Women are more likely than men to experience this atypical presentation, which can result in misdiagnosis or underestimation of the severity. Real-world cases, such as those reported by the American Heart Association, describe women experiencing a sudden ache or pressure in their jaw or a dull pain spreading across the upper back prior to or during a heart attack.

It is important to distinguish this cardiac-related pain from muscular or skeletal discomfort. Muscular pain often worsens with movement or touch and improves with rest or stretching, whereas heart attack-related pain tends to be persistent, unexplained, and may come in waves. If you experience new, unexplained pain in the neck, jaw, or upper back—especially if it is accompanied by other symptoms like shortness of breath or chest discomfort—seek immediate medical attention, as these may be warning signs of a heart attack in women.

6. Pain or Discomfort in One or Both Arms

Pain or discomfort in one or both arms is a classic symptom of a heart attack, but in women, it can be particularly subtle or even occur without chest pain. This discomfort may range from a dull ache to a sharp, shooting pain, and can affect either arm, although it is often more common in the left. The pain may start in the upper arm and radiate downward, or it may develop suddenly and feel unrelated to physical activity or injury. According to the American Heart Association, this type of pain is a significant red flag, especially when combined with other symptoms like shortness of breath, nausea, or unusual fatigue.

Women sometimes attribute arm pain to overexertion, sleeping in an awkward position, or muscle strain, but it is vital to consider the context and presence of other symptoms. Unlike muscular pain, heart attack-related arm discomfort is often persistent, comes on suddenly, and does not improve with rest or movement. If you experience unexplained pain, heaviness, or tingling in one or both arms—especially if it is new or accompanied by other warning signs—it is crucial to seek emergency medical attention, as these could indicate an underlying cardiac event.

7. Lightheadedness or Dizziness

Lightheadedness or dizziness can occur during a heart attack when the heart is unable to pump blood effectively, leading to decreased oxygen supply to the brain. Women experiencing a heart attack may feel faint, unsteady, or as though they are about to lose consciousness. This sensation is often a result of a sudden drop in blood pressure or an irregular heartbeat that disrupts normal blood flow. Unlike dizziness caused by dehydration, low blood sugar, or standing up too quickly, heart-related lightheadedness can appear suddenly and may not resolve with rest or hydration.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), women are more likely to dismiss dizziness, attributing it to exhaustion, anxiety, or other benign conditions. However, when dizziness occurs alongside other symptoms—such as chest discomfort, shortness of breath, or arm pain—it should raise immediate concern for a cardiac event. Actionable advice includes sitting or lying down right away to prevent falls and seeking urgent medical care if the sensation is severe, persistent, or associated with additional warning signs. Prompt evaluation can be lifesaving, as unexplained lightheadedness may be an early indicator of a heart attack in women.

8. Cold Sweats

Sudden cold sweats can occur during a heart attack as the body’s response to severe stress and reduced blood flow. During a cardiac event, the nervous system triggers a “fight or flight” reaction, releasing adrenaline that causes the skin to perspire profusely, often producing a clammy, cold sensation. Unlike normal sweating from exercise or a warm environment, heart attack-related cold sweats may appear unexpectedly, even while at rest or during routine activities. Women sometimes describe waking up drenched in sweat without an obvious cause or feeling an intense chill accompanied by damp skin during a heart attack episode.

Real-life scenarios include experiencing cold, clammy skin while sitting quietly, or breaking out in a sweat during mild exertion, such as walking or climbing stairs, without any external heat or anxiety. According to the American Heart Association, cold sweats should not be ignored, especially if they accompany other signs like chest discomfort, shortness of breath, or nausea. If you notice a sudden onset of unexplained sweating—particularly when paired with additional warning symptoms—it is crucial to seek emergency medical attention, as this may be a sign of an acute heart attack in women.

9. Indigestion or Heartburn

Indigestion or heartburn, often characterized by a burning sensation in the chest or upper abdomen, can sometimes be a warning sign of a heart attack, especially in women. These sensations occur when reduced blood flow to the heart affects the nerves in the chest and stomach region, resulting in discomfort that closely resembles common digestive issues. Women are more likely than men to experience these atypical symptoms, leading to frequent misattribution as acid reflux, gastritis, or overeating.

It is important to differentiate between routine indigestion and a cardiac emergency. Typical digestive discomfort usually follows a heavy meal, spicy foods, or is relieved by antacids. In contrast, heart attack-related indigestion may occur suddenly, without connection to food or eating habits, and is often accompanied by other symptoms such as shortness of breath, nausea, or pain radiating to the arm, neck, or back. According to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), if indigestion or heartburn is severe, persistent, or associated with additional warning signs, it should be treated as a potential cardiac event. Prompt medical evaluation is essential to rule out or address a heart attack in women.

10. Sleep Disturbances

Sudden or unexplained sleep disturbances, such as difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or waking up frequently throughout the night, can be an early warning sign of underlying heart problems in women. Studies have shown that women may experience restless sleep, unusual awakenings, or even episodes of breathlessness in the weeks leading up to a heart attack. These disturbances are often linked to the body’s struggle to maintain adequate blood flow and oxygen levels during rest, as well as increased anxiety or discomfort caused by subtle cardiac symptoms.

It is important to recognize when sleep changes might indicate more than stress or lifestyle factors. According to the American Heart Association, women who develop new-onset insomnia, night sweats, or frequent nighttime awakenings without an apparent cause should be alert to other potential heart attack symptoms, such as chest pain, shortness of breath, or unexplained fatigue. If sleep disturbances are persistent, severe, or accompanied by additional warning signs of heart trouble, it is essential to consult a healthcare provider. Addressing these symptoms early can help prevent missed or delayed diagnosis of a heart attack in women.

11. Unexplained Anxiety or a Sense of Doom

Sudden, intense anxiety or an overwhelming sense of impending doom can sometimes precede or accompany a heart attack in women. This psychological response is rooted in the body’s reaction to significant internal stress or distress, as the nervous system detects a life-threatening event even before obvious physical symptoms emerge. Women have reported experiencing an unexplainable panic, restlessness, or a deep-seated feeling that something is seriously wrong, despite no identifiable external trigger.

This sensation differs from general anxiety disorders, which tend to have ongoing patterns, identifiable triggers, or gradual onsets. Heart attack-related anxiety is typically abrupt and may feel disproportionate to the current situation. According to the Go Red for Women (American Heart Association), this symptom is sometimes described as a “sense of doom” and can occur with or without other cardiac warning signs. If you or someone you know suddenly develops intense anxiety or a foreboding feeling, particularly if it is accompanied by chest discomfort, shortness of breath, or other symptoms, it is important to seek medical care immediately. Recognizing these psychological cues can be critical in identifying a heart attack early in women.

12. Palpitations or Irregular Heartbeat

Palpitations, or the sensation of a racing, fluttering, or irregular heartbeat, can be a sign of a heart attack in women. During a cardiac event, the heart’s electrical system may become disrupted, leading to abnormal rhythms (arrhythmias) or a rapid increase in heart rate. This occurs as the heart struggles to maintain adequate blood flow, sometimes causing women to feel as if their heart is pounding, skipping beats, or beating erratically without an obvious cause. These palpitations may be accompanied by other symptoms such as chest discomfort, dizziness, or shortness of breath.

It is important to distinguish between benign palpitations—such as those triggered by caffeine, anxiety, or vigorous exercise—and those that signal a more serious cardiac issue. According to the American Heart Association, palpitations that are new, sudden, persistent, or accompanied by other symptoms like faintness, chest pain, or breathlessness, should not be ignored. If you experience a racing or irregular heartbeat that cannot be explained by temporary lifestyle factors, or if it occurs with other warning signs of a heart attack, seek emergency medical attention immediately, as this could indicate a critical cardiac event in women.

13. Upper Stomach Pain

Upper stomach pain, or discomfort in the upper abdominal region, can be an atypical but important symptom of a heart attack in women. This pain may feel like pressure, fullness, squeezing, or a dull ache, and it is often mistaken for gastrointestinal issues such as acid reflux, gastritis, or a peptic ulcer. The heart and upper stomach are located close to each other, and nerve signals from the heart can be interpreted as abdominal discomfort during a cardiac event. Women are especially prone to experiencing this kind of referred pain, which can lead to delayed recognition of a heart attack.

It is crucial to distinguish heart attack-related upper stomach pain from ordinary digestive complaints. Unlike pain triggered by specific foods, overeating, or known digestive conditions, cardiac-related abdominal pain often comes on suddenly, is persistent, and may be accompanied by other warning signs such as nausea, cold sweats, shortness of breath, or pain radiating to the arm or back. According to the American Heart Association, unexplained or severe upper stomach pain—especially when paired with other symptoms—warrants immediate medical attention to rule out a heart attack in women.

14. Pain Between the Shoulder Blades

Pain between the shoulder blades is a subtle but noteworthy symptom of a heart attack, particularly in women. This discomfort may present as a dull ache, pressure, or even a sharp pain, and often goes unrecognized as a cardiac warning sign. The reason for this referred pain is that the nerves supplying the heart also reach the upper back, so the brain may interpret signals from a distressed heart as originating from the shoulder blade area. Women are more likely than men to report this atypical pain during a heart attack, leading to frequent misdiagnosis as a muscle strain or tension.

It is important to differentiate this pain from musculoskeletal causes, which are typically related to overuse, poor posture, or injury, and often improve with rest, stretching, or massage. Heart attack-related pain, by contrast, is more likely to be persistent, unexplained, and may worsen with exertion or be accompanied by other symptoms such as shortness of breath, nausea, or chest discomfort. The American Heart Association advises that sudden or unexplained pain between the shoulder blades—especially if new or associated with additional warning signs—should be treated as a potential cardiac emergency and prompt a call for immediate medical help.

15. Mild Chest Discomfort That Comes and Goes

Mild chest discomfort that intermittently appears and disappears is a common yet often overlooked symptom of a heart attack in women. This type of discomfort may not feel severe or alarming and can be described as a fleeting pressure, tightness, fullness, or a slight ache. Because the discomfort is not constant and may be relatively mild, women frequently attribute it to stress, fatigue, or minor digestive issues, rather than considering a cardiac cause. The transient nature of the symptom makes it easy to dismiss, especially when it resolves on its own.

However, intermittent chest discomfort can signal underlying heart problems and should not be ignored, particularly if it recurs over several hours or days. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), heart attack symptoms in women are often less dramatic but just as dangerous as those experienced by men. Monitoring the frequency, duration, and pattern of recurring chest discomfort is crucial. If you notice a pattern of mild but persistent chest symptoms—especially if accompanied by shortness of breath, fatigue, or other warning signs—it is essential to seek medical evaluation. Early intervention can be lifesaving, even when symptoms seem minor or inconsistent.

16. Weakness or Feeling Faint

Sudden weakness or a sensation of feeling faint can be a prominent sign of a heart attack in women, even in the absence of classic chest pain. This weakness may manifest as an inability to stand, walk, or perform simple daily activities, and can be so overwhelming that it takes women by surprise. The underlying cause is reduced blood flow and oxygen supply to the brain and muscles, as the heart struggles to function properly during a cardiac event. Real-world accounts, such as those shared by the Go Red for Women (American Heart Association), describe women feeling suddenly “washed out,” lightheaded, or as if they might collapse without warning.

This type of profound weakness differs from the typical fatigue that follows exertion or a busy day. It is abrupt, unexplained, and often does not improve with rest. If weakness is accompanied by other symptoms such as shortness of breath, nausea, or pain in the jaw, arm, or back, it is especially concerning. Women who experience sudden, severe weakness or an unexplained faint feeling should not dismiss these sensations. Immediate medical attention is necessary, as these symptoms can indicate a heart attack or other life-threatening condition.

17. Pressure or Squeezing in the Chest

The sensation of pressure or squeezing in the chest is a classic heart attack symptom, yet in women, it often presents differently and is frequently misinterpreted. Rather than experiencing a sharp, stabbing pain, women may feel a persistent tightness, heaviness, or constriction that can be mistaken for stress, anxiety, or indigestion. This discomfort may feel as if something heavy is pressing down on the chest or as if the chest is being “squeezed” from the inside. It can be subtle, intermittent, or gradually intensify over time, making it easy to overlook or dismiss.

This sensation is distinct from sharp pain, which tends to be localized and easily identifiable. Pressure or squeezing, on the other hand, can be diffuse, generalized, and less dramatic, sometimes radiating to the neck, jaw, back, or arms. According to the American Heart Association, this type of discomfort is one of the most common heart attack symptoms in women, but because it may not match the expected image of a heart attack, it is often underestimated. Any unexplained, persistent chest pressure should prompt immediate medical evaluation, especially if accompanied by other warning signs.

18. Swelling in Legs, Ankles, or Feet

Swelling in the legs, ankles, or feet—known as peripheral edema—can be a sign of underlying heart problems, including heart attacks and heart failure. When the heart’s pumping ability is compromised, blood can back up in the veins of the lower extremities, causing fluid to leak into surrounding tissues. This results in noticeable puffiness, tightness, or a feeling of heaviness in the legs, ankles, or feet. Women may observe that their shoes feel tighter, socks leave deep impressions, or swelling worsens over the course of the day, especially after periods of standing or sitting.

While mild swelling can be related to other conditions such as pregnancy, prolonged inactivity, or certain medications, heart-related edema is more likely to be persistent, symmetrical, and accompanied by additional symptoms. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), swelling that occurs alongside shortness of breath, fatigue, chest discomfort, or unexplained weight gain should be considered a potential cardiac warning sign. If you notice new or worsening swelling in your lower extremities—particularly if it is unexplained or appears with other symptoms—prompt medical evaluation is advised, as it may signal a serious heart condition requiring immediate attention.

19. Persistent Cough

A persistent cough is a less common but noteworthy sign of underlying heart trouble, including heart attack or heart failure in women. This type of cough is often caused by fluid buildup in the lungs, which can occur when the heart is unable to pump blood efficiently. The resulting congestion may trigger a chronic, dry, or sometimes frothy cough, occasionally producing pink-tinged mucus due to the presence of blood. Unlike coughs associated with colds, allergies, or respiratory infections, a heart-related cough usually does not improve with standard treatments for respiratory illnesses.

It is important to distinguish a cardiac cough from other causes. Heart-related coughs are often accompanied by additional symptoms such as shortness of breath, swelling in the legs or feet, and unexplained fatigue. According to the American Heart Association, a persistent cough or wheezing, especially if it is new or worsening and occurs alongside other signs of heart distress, should be taken seriously. If you experience an ongoing cough that cannot be attributed to a respiratory infection and is coupled with other symptoms, consult a healthcare provider immediately to rule out a cardiac cause.

20. Rapid Weight Gain

Rapid weight gain, particularly over a few days, is a potential sign of heart issues such as heart failure, which can sometimes occur alongside or after a heart attack in women. This weight gain is usually the result of fluid retention rather than increased fat. When the heart’s pumping efficiency declines, the kidneys may not be able to eliminate excess fluid from the body, leading to a build-up in tissues. Women may notice their clothes feeling tighter, swelling in the abdomen, legs, or feet, and a sudden increase of several pounds in a short period.

This type of weight gain is distinctly different from gradual increases caused by dietary changes, decreased physical activity, or hormonal fluctuations. Fluid-related weight gain is often rapid, persistent, and accompanied by other symptoms such as swelling, shortness of breath, or fatigue. According to the American Heart Association, gaining more than two to three pounds in a single day or five pounds in a week, especially when paired with other warning signs, should prompt immediate medical attention. Recognizing and promptly addressing rapid weight gain can help prevent complications and signal the need for urgent evaluation of possible heart problems.

21. Sudden Weakness on One Side

In rare cases, a heart attack may present with neurological symptoms similar to those of a stroke, including sudden weakness or numbness on one side of the body. This can occur if a clot formed in the heart travels to the brain, causing a blockage of blood flow and resulting in stroke-like symptoms. Women may experience a sudden inability to move an arm or leg, facial drooping, or difficulty with speech and coordination. Although these symptoms are more commonly associated with strokes, they can occasionally be linked to acute cardiac events, especially in individuals with underlying heart rhythm problems such as atrial fibrillation.

The connection between heart and brain health is well established, and the occurrence of stroke-like symptoms during a heart attack underscores the importance of rapid action. According to the American Stroke Association and American Heart Association, any sudden onset of one-sided weakness, facial drooping, or loss of coordination should be treated as a medical emergency. Call emergency services immediately, as prompt intervention is critical for both heart and brain recovery. Recognizing the overlap of symptoms can save lives by ensuring timely care for both heart attacks and strokes.

22. Loss of Appetite

Sudden loss of appetite or persistent feelings of fullness can be an overlooked symptom of a heart attack in women. When the heart is not pumping efficiently during a cardiac event, blood flow to the digestive tract decreases, which can slow down digestion and cause discomfort after only small amounts of food. Women may notice that they feel full quickly, have little interest in eating, or experience nausea and bloating without a clear cause. This symptom can be especially misleading, as it is often mistaken for routine gastrointestinal issues or stress-related changes in eating habits.

Distinguishing heart-related loss of appetite from typical digestive problems involves paying attention to the context and accompanying symptoms. Digestive issues are often related to recent food intake, known sensitivities, or gastrointestinal illnesses, and tend to resolve with dietary changes or over-the-counter remedies. In contrast, heart attack-related appetite loss is frequently sudden, persistent, and paired with other warning signs such as fatigue, shortness of breath, or swelling. The American Heart Association notes that persistent loss of appetite, especially when new or unexplained, should prompt evaluation by a healthcare professional to rule out a serious cardiac cause.

23. Feeling Unwell or ‘Off’

Many women who have experienced a heart attack report a vague, hard-to-describe sense of feeling unwell or simply “off” in the hours or days leading up to the event. This general malaise might include a combination of mild symptoms—such as fatigue, discomfort, mild nausea, or anxiety—or just an inner sense that something is not right. Real-world stories collected by the Go Red for Women (American Heart Association) reveal that women often felt something was wrong, even when their symptoms did not fit the classic heart attack profile. These instincts sometimes prompted them to seek care, ultimately saving their lives.

It can be challenging to act on such a non-specific feeling, especially when symptoms are mild or intermittent. However, it is crucial to trust your instincts, particularly if this sense of malaise is new, sudden, or accompanied by other subtle symptoms such as unusual fatigue, shortness of breath, or discomfort in the chest or upper body. The American Heart Association urges women not to dismiss these warning signs. If you feel “off” and cannot identify a clear explanation, err on the side of caution and seek medical evaluation to rule out a cardiac cause.

24. Changes in Mental Status or Confusion

Changes in mental status, such as confusion, disorientation, or memory lapses, can be a symptom of a heart attack, particularly in older women. During a cardiac event, diminished heart function can reduce blood flow and oxygen delivery to the brain, leading to cognitive changes. Women experiencing a heart attack may suddenly have trouble concentrating, appear unusually forgetful, or become confused about time, place, or familiar tasks. These symptoms are sometimes mistaken for early signs of dementia or attributed to stress, aging, or medication side effects.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), confusion and mental changes are more likely in older adults and may be the only noticeable symptom in some women having a heart attack. It is important to recognize that these cognitive symptoms can indicate a medical emergency, especially when they occur suddenly or in conjunction with other warning signs such as weakness, chest discomfort, or shortness of breath. If you or someone you know develops new or rapidly worsening confusion without a clear cause, seek immediate medical attention to rule out a heart attack or other life-threatening conditions affecting brain function.

25. Heavy Feeling in the Chest

A sensation of heaviness in the chest is a frequent but often overlooked symptom of a heart attack in women. This feeling can be described as a weight pressing down on the chest, making it uncomfortable or difficult to take a deep breath. Unlike sharp or stabbing pain, a heavy sensation may be mistaken for emotional stress, anxiety, or muscle tension, especially if it is mild or develops gradually. Women may attribute this heaviness to a busy day, emotional worries, or fatigue, rather than considering a possible cardiac cause.

The danger lies in underestimating this symptom, as the sensation of chest heaviness can signal that the heart muscle is not receiving enough oxygen. According to the American Heart Association, any unexplained, persistent heavy feeling in the chest—especially when accompanied by other symptoms such as shortness of breath, nausea, or pain radiating to the arm or jaw—should be treated as a potential warning sign of a heart attack. Women experiencing this type of chest discomfort should seek immediate medical attention, even if the sensation is mild or attributed to anxiety, as early intervention can be lifesaving.

26. Sweating Without Physical Activity

Sweating without any apparent physical activity or environmental trigger can be a significant indicator of a heart attack, especially in women. This type of sweating is often sudden and profuse, leading to clammy skin and a sense of chill that is not related to external heat or exertion. Unlike normal sweating after exercise, hot weather, or emotional stress, cardiac-related sweating may appear while you are at rest or even asleep. Women may awaken drenched in sweat or notice beads of perspiration forming while performing simple, everyday tasks.

This unexplained sweating is the body’s response to the stress of a heart attack, as the nervous system releases adrenaline in reaction to reduced blood flow and oxygen. According to the American Heart Association, sweating that occurs alongside other symptoms such as chest discomfort, nausea, or shortness of breath is a red flag and should not be ignored. If you experience sudden, excessive sweating without a clear reason, particularly if it is new or accompanied by other warning signs, it is important to seek emergency medical care. Early recognition of this symptom can be crucial in diagnosing a heart attack in women.

27. Irregular Breathing

Irregular breathing, such as sudden changes in breathing patterns, gasping, or episodes of shallow, rapid breaths, can signal a heart attack in women. During a cardiac event, the heart’s ability to pump blood and oxygen efficiently is compromised, which can disrupt the normal rhythm of respiration. This may manifest as difficulty catching your breath, periods of labored breathing, or even brief pauses between breaths. Some women describe a sensation of “air hunger” or a feeling that they cannot take a deep, satisfying breath, even when at rest.

It’s important to distinguish irregular breathing caused by a heart attack from anxiety-induced hyperventilation. Anxiety-related hyperventilation is often accompanied by tingling in the fingers or lips and tends to resolve with relaxation or controlled breathing techniques. In contrast, heart attack-related breathing irregularities are usually persistent, may worsen with minor exertion, and are often accompanied by other symptoms such as chest discomfort, weakness, or sweating. According to the American Heart Association, any sudden or unexplained change in breathing pattern—especially if associated with other warning signs—should prompt immediate medical evaluation, as it may indicate a potentially life-threatening cardiac event.

28. Bluish Lips or Extremities

Bluish discoloration of the lips, fingers, or toes—known medically as cyanosis—can be a serious sign of poor oxygenation in the body, often resulting from a heart attack or severe heart failure. During a cardiac event, the heart may become unable to pump oxygen-rich blood effectively to tissues and vital organs. As oxygen levels in the blood decrease, the skin, lips, and nail beds may take on a bluish or purplish hue. This symptom is particularly alarming because it signals that the body is not receiving the oxygen it needs to function properly.

Cyanosis can develop quickly during a heart attack and should never be ignored. Unlike temporary color changes due to cold exposure, cyanosis persists even when the body is warm and often occurs alongside other symptoms such as difficulty breathing, chest discomfort, or confusion. According to the American Heart Association, the sudden appearance of bluish lips or extremities indicates a medical emergency. If you or someone else develops this symptom, especially with additional signs of a heart attack, seek immediate emergency care. Rapid intervention is crucial to restore oxygenation and prevent life-threatening complications.

29. Clammy Skin

Clammy skin, characterized by a cold, moist, and pale appearance, is a common physiological response to the stress of a heart attack. During a cardiac event, the body’s sympathetic nervous system releases stress hormones such as adrenaline, which cause blood vessels in the skin to constrict and sweat glands to activate. This results in skin that feels both cool and damp to the touch, often accompanied by a sense of chill. Unlike normal perspiration, which occurs due to physical exertion, heat, or emotional anxiety, clammy skin associated with a heart attack arises without any obvious environmental or activity-related triggers.

This symptom is particularly concerning when it occurs alongside other cardiac warning signs such as chest discomfort, shortness of breath, or nausea. According to the American Heart Association, clammy skin is a significant indicator of acute distress and reduced blood flow, often reflecting the seriousness of a heart attack. If you or someone else develops sudden clamminess—especially in the absence of heat or exertion and in conjunction with other symptoms—seek emergency medical care immediately. Early recognition and intervention can be lifesaving in the context of a heart attack.

30. Persistent Hiccups

Persistent hiccups are a rare but noteworthy symptom that has been documented in some women experiencing a heart attack. While hiccups are commonly caused by digestive issues, stress, or minor irritations to the diaphragm, in rare cases, they can occur as a result of irritation to the phrenic or vagus nerves during a cardiac event. When a heart attack disrupts blood flow or causes inflammation near the diaphragm, it can trigger ongoing hiccups that last for hours or even days, despite traditional remedies.

Research, including case reports published in journals such as the International Journal of Cardiology, has highlighted persistent hiccups as an unusual but possible warning sign of heart attack in women, often occurring alongside other subtle symptoms like fatigue, mild chest discomfort, or shortness of breath. Because hiccups are generally considered harmless, this symptom is easily overlooked, potentially delaying appropriate care. If you experience persistent or intractable hiccups in combination with other possible heart attack symptoms, it is important to seek medical attention. Recognizing even rare presentations, especially in women, can contribute to earlier diagnosis and improved outcomes in cardiac emergencies.

31. Unexplained Allergic-Like Symptoms

In rare cases, a heart attack may present with symptoms that mimic an allergic reaction, including unexplained facial swelling, hives, or skin rash. These allergic-like symptoms can be linked to a phenomenon known as Kounis syndrome, where an acute allergic reaction triggers a cardiac event or vice versa. During a heart attack, the release of certain inflammatory mediators may cause blood vessels to dilate and lead to swelling or skin changes, even in individuals with no history of allergies. Women may notice sudden puffiness around the eyes or lips, redness, or itching without a clear allergen exposure.

While most allergic reactions are related to known triggers such as food, insect stings, or medications, symptoms that develop abruptly and are not associated with any identifiable cause should raise concern, especially when accompanied by chest discomfort, shortness of breath, or dizziness. According to research discussed in the World Journal of Cardiology, distinguishing between a true allergic reaction and a cardiac event is essential for timely treatment. If unexplained swelling or rash occurs together with other heart attack symptoms, it is crucial to seek immediate medical attention, as these signs may indicate a life-threatening cardiac emergency.

32. Numbness or Tingling in Arms or Hands

Numbness or tingling in the arms or hands can be a warning sign of a heart attack, particularly in women. During a cardiac event, reduced blood flow from the heart can affect circulation to the extremities, leading to a sensation of pins and needles, weakness, or even loss of feeling. This symptom may occur in one or both arms, and sometimes radiates from the shoulder or chest. It is often mistaken for nerve compression, poor posture, or temporary circulation issues, but when accompanied by other heart attack symptoms, it becomes a critical sign not to ignore.

Unlike numbness caused by sleeping on an arm or repetitive motion, cardiac-related numbness is often persistent, may worsen with exertion, and is typically accompanied by other warning signs such as chest discomfort, shortness of breath, or jaw pain. According to the American Heart Association, women are more likely to report subtle or atypical symptoms, including numbness or tingling, before or during a heart attack. If you experience unexplained numbness or tingling in the arms or hands, especially alongside other possible cardiac symptoms, seek immediate medical attention to rule out a serious heart condition.

33. Unusual Coughing up Blood

Unusual coughing up of blood, or hemoptysis, is a rare but serious symptom that can be associated with cardiac complications during or after a heart attack. This occurrence is typically related to severe heart failure or pulmonary edema, conditions in which the heart’s inability to pump efficiently leads to fluid buildup in the lungs. As pressure in the lung’s blood vessels increases, small capillaries can rupture, allowing blood to enter the airways and causing episodes of coughing up pink, frothy, or bloody sputum.

Although hemoptysis is more commonly linked to respiratory infections, lung disease, or trauma, its presence in the context of other heart attack symptoms—such as shortness of breath, chest discomfort, or swelling in the legs—should raise immediate concern. According to the American Heart Association and case reviews in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology, coughing up blood is a medical emergency requiring urgent evaluation. If you or someone you know experiences this symptom, especially in the setting of known or suspected cardiac issues, seek emergency medical attention without delay to prevent life-threatening complications.

34. Chest Tightness After Emotional Stress

Chest tightness following emotional stress is an important warning sign of potential heart problems in women. Emotional stress can trigger a surge of stress hormones like adrenaline, which may temporarily constrict blood vessels and increase heart rate and blood pressure. In some cases, this can lead to a phenomenon known as “broken heart syndrome,” or Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, a condition in which intense emotional or physical stress causes sudden, severe, but often reversible heart muscle weakness. Women, particularly those in midlife or older, are more susceptible to this syndrome than men.

Symptoms of broken heart syndrome often mimic those of a traditional heart attack, including chest tightness, shortness of breath, and sometimes pain radiating to the arm or jaw. However, this condition is usually triggered by sudden, significant emotional events such as the loss of a loved one, divorce, or other acute stressors. According to the American Heart Association, any chest tightness or discomfort after emotional upheaval should be taken seriously, as it can signal either a heart attack or broken heart syndrome. Immediate medical evaluation is essential to distinguish between these conditions and begin appropriate treatment.

35. Rapid Heartbeat Without Obvious Cause

A sudden, unexplained rapid heartbeat—known as tachycardia—can be a warning sign of a heart attack or other serious cardiac issue in women. While it is normal for the heart rate to increase in response to exercise, excitement, or anxiety, a persistently fast heartbeat that arises without a clear trigger should not be ignored. During a heart attack, the heart’s electrical system may be disrupted, or the heart may compensate for decreased blood flow by beating faster, leading to sensations of pounding, racing, or fluttering in the chest.

Women may notice their heart “skipping beats,” feeling irregular, or racing even while sitting quietly or lying down. This symptom can sometimes be accompanied by dizziness, shortness of breath, chest discomfort, or fatigue. According to the American Heart Association, any rapid heartbeat that is sustained, unexplained, or occurs with other possible heart attack symptoms warrants prompt medical evaluation. If you experience a sudden, fast, or irregular heartbeat out of proportion to your activity or emotions—especially if it doesn’t resolve with rest or is associated with other concerning symptoms—seek immediate medical attention to rule out a cardiac emergency.

36. Dull Ache Rather Than Sharp Pain

For many women, a heart attack may manifest as a dull, persistent ache rather than the sharp, stabbing pain often associated with heart attacks in men. This ache may be located in the chest, upper back, shoulders, or even the jaw, and can be easily mistaken for muscle soreness, indigestion, or stress-related discomfort. The sensation is typically described as a nagging or heavy feeling that lingers, rather than a sudden, intense pain. Women are more likely than men to experience these subtler, less dramatic symptoms, which can lead to delays in seeking medical care.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the American Heart Association both emphasize that women’s heart attack symptoms are often atypical. A dull ache should not be ignored, especially if it is persistent, unexplained, or accompanied by other warning signs such as fatigue, shortness of breath, or nausea. If you notice a lingering ache in your chest or upper body that does not resolve with rest or over-the-counter remedies, seek medical attention promptly to rule out a heart attack or other serious cardiac condition.

37. Discomfort That Worsens With Activity

Discomfort that intensifies with physical activity is a classic sign of reduced heart function and should not be ignored, particularly in women. When the heart is unable to supply enough oxygen-rich blood to the body due to narrowed or blocked arteries, exertion increases the heart’s workload, revealing symptoms that may be subtle or absent at rest. Women may notice a growing heaviness, tightness, or aching in the chest, arms, jaw, back, or upper abdomen when climbing stairs, walking briskly, or performing other daily tasks. This discomfort typically eases with rest, but its recurrence with activity is concerning.

Such activity-related symptoms are hallmark indicators of angina, which can precede a heart attack or signal worsening coronary artery disease. The American Heart Association highlights that women often experience atypical or less intense symptoms, but a pattern of pain or discomfort that worsens with exertion should always prompt suspicion of cardiac involvement. If you notice that exercise or routine movement consistently brings on discomfort—especially if combined with shortness of breath, fatigue, or nausea—seek medical evaluation immediately. Early intervention can prevent a full-blown heart attack and significantly improve outcomes.

38. Persistent Belching or Bloating

Persistent belching or bloating can sometimes be overlooked as early warning signs of a heart attack in women. These digestive symptoms are commonly attributed to gastrointestinal issues such as indigestion, gas, or dietary choices. However, when belching or bloating continues despite routine treatment with antacids or dietary adjustments, it may signal an underlying cardiac problem. Reduced blood flow to the digestive tract during a heart attack can cause the stomach and intestines to function less efficiently, leading to uncomfortable fullness, excessive gas, or frequent belching.

Distinguishing heart-related digestive symptoms from those of ordinary gastrointestinal disorders is essential. According to the Go Red for Women (American Heart Association), digestive complaints that are persistent, new, or accompanied by other symptoms such as chest discomfort, unusual fatigue, or shortness of breath should be taken seriously. Women experiencing relentless belching or bloating—especially if it does not improve with standard remedies—should consult a healthcare professional promptly. Recognizing that these nonspecific symptoms can be linked to a heart attack is critical for timely diagnosis and treatment, potentially preventing more severe complications.

39. Sudden Coldness in Limbs

Sudden coldness in the arms, hands, legs, or feet can occur during a heart attack due to poor circulation and reduced blood flow. When the heart struggles to pump efficiently, the body prioritizes delivering blood to vital organs, limiting the supply to the extremities. As a result, the skin on the limbs may feel noticeably cooler to the touch, sometimes accompanied by numbness, tingling, or even a pale or bluish appearance. This sudden change is different from the mild chilliness one might feel in a cold environment; it is more pronounced and often comes on rapidly without an obvious cause.

According to the American Heart Association, coldness or numbness in the limbs, especially when new and unexplained, can be a sign of compromised cardiac output and should not be ignored. This symptom frequently occurs alongside other warning signs such as chest discomfort, shortness of breath, or fatigue. If you or someone else experiences sudden, unexplained coldness in the limbs—particularly in combination with other possible heart attack symptoms—seek emergency medical attention immediately. Prompt care can help prevent serious complications and improve outcomes.

40. Unexplained Jaw or Throat Pain

Unexplained jaw or throat pain can be an important but easily overlooked sign of heart distress, particularly in women. During a heart attack, pain signals from the heart may be referred to other areas of the body, including the jaw, throat, and neck, due to shared nerve pathways. This type of pain does not have an obvious dental or respiratory cause, and it often comes on suddenly or is persistent. Women may experience a dull ache, tightness, or even a burning sensation in the jaw or throat, which is commonly mistaken for a dental issue, sore throat, or muscle strain.

The American Heart Association emphasizes that women are more likely to experience atypical heart attack symptoms, such as jaw or throat pain, in the absence of classic chest pain. If this discomfort is new, unexplained, and persists—especially if it is accompanied by other symptoms like shortness of breath, nausea, or chest heaviness—it should be taken seriously. Seeking prompt medical attention is crucial, as early intervention can be lifesaving. Do not dismiss jaw or throat pain that appears without a clear reason, particularly if you are at risk for heart disease.

41. Sudden Mood Swings

Sudden mood swings or unexplained irritability can be an unusual but significant warning sign of a heart attack, especially in women. During a cardiac event, the heart’s impaired ability to pump blood effectively can reduce oxygen delivery to the brain, resulting in abrupt changes in emotional state. Women may find themselves feeling unexpectedly anxious, agitated, tearful, or even depressed without an obvious trigger. These shifts in mood often occur alongside other subtle heart attack symptoms, such as fatigue, confusion, or a vague sense of feeling unwell.

The Go Red for Women (American Heart Association) notes that psychological symptoms—including mood swings—are sometimes reported before or during a heart attack and may be especially pronounced in older women. Unlike mood changes associated with stress, hormonal fluctuations, or pre-existing mental health conditions, cardiac-related mood swings tend to come on suddenly and are often out of character. If you or someone you know experiences abrupt mood changes or irritability that cannot be easily explained, particularly when combined with physical symptoms such as chest discomfort or shortness of breath, seek immediate medical attention. Timely intervention can prevent potentially serious consequences.

42. Reduced Exercise Tolerance

A noticeable reduction in exercise tolerance, or the ability to perform physical activity without undue fatigue or discomfort, can be an early warning sign of heart trouble in women. Women may find that activities they previously managed with ease—such as climbing stairs, walking briskly, or carrying groceries—suddenly leave them feeling unusually short of breath, weak, or exhausted. This decline in physical capacity is often gradual and may be attributed to aging, lack of sleep, or increased stress, but it can also reflect underlying cardiac dysfunction.

The heart’s reduced ability to pump oxygen-rich blood efficiently means muscles and tissues are deprived of the energy they need during exertion. According to the American Heart Association, reduced exercise tolerance is a classic but frequently overlooked symptom of both heart attacks and chronic heart disease—especially in women, who may present with subtle or atypical signs. If you observe a persistent, unexplained decrease in your ability to exercise or perform normal daily activities, particularly when accompanied by other symptoms such as chest discomfort, fatigue, or swelling, seek a medical evaluation. Early recognition of this change can help prevent a more serious cardiac event.

43. Sore Throat with No Infection

An unexplained sore throat, especially in the absence of infection or other obvious causes, can be a rare but important sign of a heart attack in women. During a cardiac event, pain signals from the heart may be referred to the throat due to shared nerve pathways. This can result in a persistent or sudden sore feeling that does not improve with typical remedies for colds or allergies. Women might describe a scratchy, tight, or burning sensation in the throat, which is often mistaken for minor respiratory irritation or overlooked entirely.

Unlike a sore throat caused by viral or bacterial infection, cardiac-related throat discomfort is not typically accompanied by fever, cough, or swollen lymph nodes. According to the American Heart Association, atypical symptoms—including unexplained throat pain—are more common in women, particularly in the context of other warning signs such as chest discomfort, shortness of breath, or fatigue. If you notice a sore throat that does not respond to usual treatments and cannot be linked to infection, especially when combined with other possible cardiac symptoms, seek prompt medical evaluation to rule out a heart attack or other serious condition.

44. Vision Changes

Blurry vision or temporary loss of vision can occur during a heart attack due to reduced blood flow and oxygen delivery to the eyes and brain. When the heart is unable to pump effectively, circulation to all parts of the body—including the visual system—may suffer. Women experiencing a heart attack might notice their vision becoming suddenly blurred, dim, or even experience episodes of partial or complete vision loss in one or both eyes. These changes can last for seconds to minutes and may be accompanied by dizziness, confusion, or other neurological symptoms.

Such vision disturbances are sometimes mistaken for eye strain, migraine aura, or fatigue, but when they arise abruptly and without a clear explanation, they may signal a serious underlying cardiac or vascular problem. According to the American Heart Association and the American Stroke Association, sudden vision changes—especially when accompanied by other heart attack or stroke warning signs such as chest discomfort, weakness, or confusion—require immediate medical attention. Early intervention is critical to prevent permanent damage and to address the root cause, whether cardiac or neurological.

45. Persistent Hiccups or Yawning

Persistent hiccups or excessive yawning are unusual but noteworthy neurological responses that can occur during cardiac events, including heart attacks in women. While both hiccups and yawning are generally benign and often unrelated to serious illness, repetitive episodes in the context of other symptoms may signal reduced oxygen supply or irritation to specific nerves associated with the heart and diaphragm. Cardiac events can stimulate the vagus or phrenic nerves, leading to involuntary hiccuping or frequent yawning that does not resolve with typical remedies.

Excessive yawning, in particular, may reflect the body’s attempt to increase oxygen intake when blood flow is compromised. Studies, such as those referenced in the International Journal of Cardiology, highlight that persistent hiccups or neurological symptoms, though rare, have been documented as warning signs in women experiencing heart attacks. Unlike ordinary yawning from tiredness or hiccups from eating too quickly, these symptoms may persist for hours and occur alongside other cardiac warning signs such as chest discomfort, shortness of breath, or unusual fatigue. If repetitive hiccups or yawning appear suddenly and are accompanied by additional symptoms, medical evaluation is warranted to rule out a serious underlying cardiac event.

46. Decreased Urine Output

Decreased urine output, or urinating less frequently than usual, can be a subtle sign of heart dysfunction, including during or after a heart attack. When the heart is unable to pump blood effectively, kidney perfusion—meaning the delivery of blood to the kidneys—diminishes. As a result, the kidneys receive less oxygen and nutrients, impairing their ability to filter waste and produce urine. Women experiencing heart-related issues may notice a drop in the volume or frequency of urination, even if their fluid intake remains unchanged.

This symptom is different from decreased urination caused by dehydration or urinary tract problems. In the context of a heart attack or heart failure, decreased urine output is often accompanied by other signs such as swelling in the legs, shortness of breath, rapid weight gain, or fatigue. According to the American Heart Association, reduced kidney output is a serious indicator that the body’s organs are not receiving enough blood flow. If you notice a sudden or unexplained decrease in urination, particularly alongside other cardiac symptoms, it is critical to seek medical attention immediately. Prompt intervention can prevent further organ damage and improve outcomes in heart emergencies.

47. Generalized Weakness

Generalized muscle weakness—when the whole body feels unusually weak or lacking in strength—can be a less specific but important sign of a heart attack in women. This symptom may manifest as difficulty completing everyday tasks, trouble standing or walking, or an overall sensation of heaviness and exhaustion. Unlike typical fatigue from lack of sleep or overexertion, cardiac-related weakness often comes on suddenly and does not improve with rest. The underlying cause is reduced blood flow and oxygen delivery to muscles and tissues as the heart’s pumping function diminishes during a cardiac event.

Women are more likely than men to present with vague symptoms such as weakness rather than classic chest pain, which can delay recognition and treatment. According to the Go Red for Women (American Heart Association), more than half of women who had a heart attack reported unusual weakness or fatigue in the days or hours beforehand. If you experience unexplained, persistent weakness, particularly in combination with other warning signs such as shortness of breath, nausea, or chest discomfort, seek medical attention promptly. Recognizing this subtle symptom can be lifesaving in preventing more severe cardiac complications.

48. Sweating Accompanied by Nausea

The combination of sudden sweating and nausea is a particularly alarming warning sign of a heart attack in women. This pairing often reflects the body’s acute stress response to reduced blood flow and oxygen supply to vital organs, including the heart and digestive system. Women may break out in a cold sweat—skin becoming clammy and moist—while simultaneously feeling queasy or experiencing an urge to vomit. Unlike sweating from heat or physical exertion, heart attack-related sweating often occurs at rest and is abrupt and intense.

Nausea accompanying this sweating can be mistaken for a fleeting stomach bug or indigestion, but its persistence and association with other symptoms should raise immediate concern. The American Heart Association notes that women are especially prone to experiencing these less typical heart attack symptoms, which may lead to dangerous delays in seeking care. If you experience unexplained, profuse sweating together with persistent nausea—especially if accompanied by chest discomfort, shortness of breath, or pain radiating to the back or jaw—seek emergency medical attention without delay. Prompt recognition and treatment can be lifesaving in the event of a heart attack.

49. Persistent Restlessness

Persistent restlessness or an inability to get comfortable can be a subtle yet significant warning sign of heart distress, particularly in women. This symptom may manifest as a constant need to shift positions, an inability to settle down, or a feeling of agitation that is difficult to explain. Women experiencing a heart attack often describe being unable to find relief whether sitting, standing, or lying down, despite trying to adjust their posture or environment. This general sense of unease is frequently overlooked or attributed to anxiety, stress, or insomnia.

Restlessness associated with heart attacks is different from ordinary nervousness or emotional agitation. It is often accompanied by additional symptoms such as chest discomfort, shortness of breath, unusual fatigue, or sweating. According to the Go Red for Women (American Heart Association), women are more likely than men to experience non-classic symptoms, including restlessness and general discomfort, before or during a heart attack. If you notice persistent restlessness that cannot be explained by situational stress and it occurs with other signs of heart trouble, seek immediate medical evaluation. Early recognition and response can be critical in preventing serious cardiac complications.

50. Subtle, Unusual Symptoms

Women experiencing a heart attack may not have the classic, dramatic symptoms often depicted in men. Instead, they are more likely to notice combinations of subtle, unusual symptoms—such as vague discomfort, mild indigestion, persistent fatigue, or a general sense of being unwell. These non-classic signs can appear suddenly and may fluctuate in intensity, making them easy to overlook or dismiss as stress, anxiety, or minor illness. The danger lies in underestimating the significance of these changes, which can delay critical treatment and increase the risk of serious complications.

The American Heart Association and Go Red for Women stress the importance of being aware of any new, unexplained, or suddenly worsening symptoms—no matter how mild they may seem. If you experience a constellation of subtle changes, such as unusual aches, persistent tiredness, or unexplained restlessness, especially if you are at risk for heart disease, do not ignore them. Seek prompt medical evaluation, as early intervention can be lifesaving. Awareness and proactive action are the keys to improving outcomes for women facing heart attacks.

Conclusion

Recognizing the wide range of heart attack symptoms in women—including those that are subtle or atypical—is crucial for timely intervention and better outcomes. Women are often affected by symptoms that differ from the classic chest pain, making awareness and vigilance essential. If you experience any sudden, unexplained changes in your health, do not hesitate to seek medical attention. Early action can save lives. Regular screenings, open discussions with your healthcare provider about heart health, and staying informed through reputable sources like the American Heart Association are vital steps in protecting yourself and those you love from the risks of heart disease and heart attacks.

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