What Causes Cloudy Urine in Women and Men?

1. Dehydration

Dehydration is one of the most common reasons for cloudy urine in both women and men. When your body lacks sufficient water, the kidneys work harder to conserve fluids, resulting in urine that is darker and more concentrated. The increased concentration of waste products, minerals, and salts can cause urine to appear cloudy. For example, during hot weather or after intense exercise, people often sweat more and may not replenish lost fluids quickly enough. This can lead to noticeable changes in urine color and clarity.

Monitoring your hydration status is crucial for maintaining urinary health. A simple tip is to observe the color of your urine; pale yellow usually indicates proper hydration, while darker or cloudy urine suggests you might need more fluids. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends drinking water regularly throughout the day, especially during warm weather or physical activity. Carrying a reusable water bottle and setting reminders to drink can help ensure adequate intake. For more hydration monitoring tips, visit the NHS guide on water, drinks, and your health.

2. Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a leading cause of cloudy urine in both women and men. These infections occur when bacteria, most commonly Escherichia coli, enter the urinary tract and multiply, often affecting the bladder and urethra. The body’s immune response to the infection can cause pus (white blood cells and bacteria) to mix with urine, resulting in a cloudy, sometimes foul-smelling appearance. Other common symptoms of UTIs include a burning sensation while urinating, frequent urges to urinate, pelvic pain, and sometimes fever.

Prompt medical attention is important, as untreated UTIs can lead to more serious complications such as kidney infections. According to the NHS, individuals should seek care if they experience persistent cloudy urine, pain, or blood in the urine, or if symptoms worsen. The CDC also stresses the importance of consulting a healthcare provider for proper diagnosis and antibiotic treatment. Early intervention can help prevent recurrent infections and ensure a swift recovery.

3. Kidney Stones

Kidney stones are hard deposits of minerals and salts that form within the kidneys. When these stones develop, they can irritate the lining of the urinary tract, leading to inflammation and bleeding. As a result, tiny particles, blood, or pus may enter the urine, giving it a cloudy or murky appearance. The process is somewhat similar to adding sand to a glass of clear water—the suspended particles make the liquid look cloudy and less transparent.

Recognizing early symptoms of kidney stones is crucial for prompt treatment. Common signs include severe pain in the back or side, nausea, vomiting, frequent urination, and cloudy or foul-smelling urine. Sometimes, visible blood may also be present. The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) explains that early detection and management can help prevent complications such as urinary tract blockages or infections. If you experience persistent cloudy urine along with pain or discomfort, seek medical advice. For more information about kidney stone symptoms and prevention, visit the NHS kidney stones guide.

4. Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), such as chlamydia and gonorrhea, are significant causes of cloudy urine in both women and men. These infections trigger inflammation in the urinary and reproductive tracts, leading to the presence of white blood cells, bacteria, and discharge in the urine. This response results in a cloudy appearance, often accompanied by other symptoms like burning during urination, unusual genital discharge, or pelvic pain.

The transmission of STIs occurs through sexual contact, and the risk increases with unprotected intercourse or multiple partners. Many STIs can be asymptomatic, making screening and early detection essential for preventing complications and spread to others. According to the CDC, chlamydia and gonorrhea are among the most frequently reported bacterial infections in the United States, with millions of new cases annually. The NHS emphasizes regular screening, particularly for sexually active individuals under 25 or those with new partners.

If you notice cloudy urine along with other symptoms of an STI, prompt testing and treatment are crucial. Early intervention can prevent long-term complications and reduce the risk of transmission.

5. Vaginal Discharge (Women)

For women, vaginal discharge is a natural part of the reproductive system, serving to cleanse and protect the vagina. However, when excess discharge is present—especially if it is abnormal in color, consistency, or odor—it can mix with urine during urination and cause the urine to appear cloudy. This is particularly noticeable when wiping or observing urine in the toilet bowl. Real-life scenarios include times of increased discharge, such as ovulation, pregnancy, or sexual arousal, and situations where infections or hormonal changes lead to more pronounced or unusual discharge.

Distinguishing normal from abnormal discharge is vital for women’s health. Normal vaginal discharge is typically clear or milky and has only a mild scent. According to the NHS, abnormal discharge may be yellow, green, thick, or accompanied by itching, burning, or a strong odor—potential signs of infection or other health concerns. Women who notice persistent cloudy urine alongside abnormal discharge should consult a healthcare provider for evaluation. For more detailed guidance on vaginal discharge and when to seek help, see the Planned Parenthood resource on vaginal discharge.

6. Prostate Issues (Men)

Prostate health plays a significant role in urinary clarity for men. Conditions such as prostatitis (inflammation of the prostate gland) or benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH, or prostate enlargement) can lead to cloudy urine. When the prostate becomes inflamed or enlarged, it may cause white blood cells, bacteria, or mucus to enter the urethra and mix with urine, resulting in a cloudy or milky appearance. A common example is prostatitis, which can develop suddenly due to a bacterial infection or gradually from chronic inflammation.

Symptoms of prostate issues can include painful or frequent urination, pelvic discomfort, difficulty starting urination, and cloudy urine. According to the NHS, prostatitis can affect men of all ages, but is more common in those aged 30 to 50. Regular screening becomes increasingly important with age, especially for men experiencing urinary changes or a family history of prostate problems. The CDC recommends discussing prostate health and screening options with a healthcare provider, particularly if symptoms persist or worsen. Early detection and treatment can significantly improve outcomes and quality of life.

7. Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus, particularly when poorly controlled, can significantly impact urine clarity. High blood sugar levels may overwhelm the kidneys’ ability to reabsorb glucose, leading to a condition called glycosuria—where excess glucose is excreted in the urine. This excess glucose can draw additional water and solutes into the urine, making it appear cloudy or foamy. People with diabetes may also be more prone to urinary tract infections, which can further contribute to changes in urine appearance.

Maintaining proper blood sugar control is essential for preventing complications associated with diabetes, including those affecting the urinary system. The CDC notes that regular monitoring, medication adherence, and lifestyle choices such as healthy eating and exercise play a key role in diabetes management. Persistent cloudy urine, increased urination, and unexplained thirst can be warning signs of high blood sugar or undiagnosed diabetes. If you notice these symptoms, it is important to consult a healthcare professional for evaluation and possible testing. For more information on how diabetes affects the urinary tract and tips on management, visit the Diabetes UK guide on kidneys and diabetes.

8. High Protein Diets

High protein diets, popular among athletes, bodybuilders, and those following certain weight-loss plans, can influence urine clarity. Consuming excessive amounts of protein may lead the kidneys to excrete surplus protein into the urine—a condition known as proteinuria. When protein is present in urine, it can make the urine appear cloudy or foamy. This effect is especially noticeable in individuals who dramatically increase their protein intake through supplements, shakes, or protein-rich foods.

While protein is essential for muscle repair and overall health, moderation is key. According to the NHS, most adults require about 50 grams of protein a day, though athletes may need slightly more depending on their activity level. Chronic excessive protein intake may put additional strain on the kidneys, especially in those with preexisting kidney issues. The CDC suggests balancing protein with other nutrients and consulting a healthcare provider before making significant dietary changes. If you notice persistent cloudy or foamy urine and follow a high protein diet, consider reducing protein intake and seeking medical advice to rule out underlying kidney issues.

9. Medications

Certain medications are known to alter the appearance of urine, sometimes causing it to become cloudy. Common culprits include antibiotics (such as penicillins or sulfonamides), antacids containing phosphate, and some diuretics. These drugs can interact with substances in the urine or with the urinary tract lining, resulting in the precipitation of crystals, changes in urine pH, or the presence of white blood cells—all of which may cause cloudiness. For example, antibiotics may disrupt the natural balance of bacteria, leading to mild infections or reactions that affect urine clarity.

Patient awareness is essential when starting a new medication. According to the NHS medicines guide, always review potential side effects with your healthcare provider or pharmacist. Not all changes in urine appearance are cause for concern, but persistent cloudiness, especially with pain or other symptoms, should be reported. The FDA also emphasizes regular communication with your doctor about any new or unusual symptoms that may be related to medication use. Keeping an updated list of all medications and sharing it with your healthcare team can help ensure safe and effective treatment.

10. Kidney Infections (Pyelonephritis)

Kidney infections, medically known as pyelonephritis, are serious bacterial infections that can significantly affect urine clarity. When bacteria ascend from the lower urinary tract and infect the kidneys, the immune response may release pus (white blood cells), blood, or cellular debris into the urine, resulting in a cloudy or sometimes reddish appearance. Hospital case reports frequently describe patients presenting with sudden onset of fever, chills, back or flank pain, and markedly cloudy urine. Severe cases may also involve nausea, vomiting, and confusion, especially in older adults.

Recognizing the warning signs of a kidney infection is essential for timely medical intervention. The NHS highlights symptoms such as persistent pain in the side or lower back, high fever, shivering, and cloudy or foul-smelling urine as key indicators. In a hospital setting, laboratory analysis often confirms the presence of white blood cells, bacteria, and sometimes blood in the urine. According to the CDC, untreated kidney infections can lead to severe complications, including sepsis. Anyone experiencing these symptoms should seek immediate medical care to prevent long-term kidney damage.

11. Bladder Infections (Cystitis)

Bladder infections, known as cystitis, are a frequent cause of cloudy urine, especially in women. The inflammation occurs when bacteria, usually Escherichia coli, enter and multiply in the bladder lining. This triggers the immune system to send white blood cells to the area, resulting in pus and bacteria mixing with the urine, which makes it appear cloudy. Individuals with cystitis often experience a sudden need to urinate, increased frequency, and a burning sensation during urination.

A typical scenario involves someone noticing they must urinate more often than usual, sometimes with only small amounts passed each time. The urgency can be intense, accompanied by discomfort or pain in the lower abdomen. According to the NHS, cloudy or foul-smelling urine is a key symptom to watch for, alongside pain and urgency. While mild cases can sometimes resolve with increased fluid intake and rest, persistent symptoms or the presence of blood in the urine require prompt medical attention. The Cleveland Clinic also notes that early diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent progression to more serious kidney infections.

12. Semen in Urine (Men)

In men, the presence of semen in urine is a common and generally harmless cause of temporary cloudiness. This can occur after sexual activity or as a result of retrograde ejaculation, a condition where semen enters the bladder instead of exiting through the urethra during orgasm. When a man urinates shortly after ejaculation, residual semen may mix with urine, creating a milky or cloudy appearance. This effect is typically short-lived and resolves with subsequent urination.

Retrograde ejaculation may result from certain medications, surgeries involving the prostate or bladder, or underlying health conditions such as diabetes. According to the NHS, occasional semen in the urine is not usually a cause for concern and does not indicate a serious problem. However, frequent occurrences, especially when accompanied by other symptoms such as pain or difficulty urinating, should be discussed with a healthcare provider. For most men, recognizing this normal bodily function can help reduce anxiety about occasional cloudy urine. For more on this topic and related male urinary health concerns, visit the Urology Care Foundation’s guide to retrograde ejaculation.

13. Menstrual Contamination (Women)

During menstruation, it is common for menstrual blood or tissue to mix with urine, causing it to appear cloudy or discolored. As women urinate, blood, endometrial tissue, or vaginal secretions may enter the urine stream, especially during heavier flow days. This temporary mixing can create a cloudy or reddish appearance, which is not usually a sign of a urinary tract problem but rather a normal aspect of the menstrual cycle.

Distinguishing between menstrual contamination and true urinary causes of cloudy urine is important. If the cloudiness coincides with your menstrual period and is not accompanied by burning, pain, urgency, or foul odor, it is likely related to menstruation rather than an infection or kidney issue. The NHS advises monitoring symptoms outside of menstruation to better identify persistent changes. Keeping track of your cycle and noting when cloudy urine occurs can help clarify the source. If cloudiness persists beyond your period or is associated with other urinary symptoms, consult your healthcare provider for further evaluation. For more information on menstrual health and related urinary changes, see the Planned Parenthood menstrual cycle guide.

14. Pregnancy

Pregnancy brings significant hormonal changes that can impact many aspects of a woman’s body, including urine clarity. Increased estrogen and progesterone levels often lead to greater vaginal discharge, which can mix with urine and create a cloudy appearance. Additionally, the growing uterus exerts pressure on the bladder, potentially making it more difficult to fully empty and increasing the risk of urinary tract infections (UTIs). UTIs are common during pregnancy and can result in cloudy, foul-smelling, or even blood-tinged urine.

Regular prenatal screening is crucial for monitoring maternal and fetal health. The NHS recommends routine urine tests at prenatal visits to detect signs of infection, proteinuria, or other abnormalities early. According to the CDC, untreated UTIs during pregnancy can lead to complications such as kidney infections or preterm labor, underscoring the importance of prompt detection and treatment. Pregnant women who notice persistent cloudy urine, pain during urination, or other unusual symptoms should inform their healthcare provider. Early intervention and consistent prenatal care help ensure both maternal well-being and healthy fetal development.

15. Spermatorrhea (Men)

Spermatorrhea refers to the excessive or involuntary release of semen outside sexual activity, which can sometimes be observed as cloudy urine due to the presence of seminal fluid in the urinary tract. This condition may occur spontaneously, often without orgasm, and is more common in adolescents or men experiencing hormonal fluctuations, stress, or certain neurological issues. When semen mixes with urine, it can give the urine a milky or cloudy appearance, similar to what is seen after retrograde ejaculation.

Spermatorrhea can sometimes be associated with other reproductive health concerns, such as prostatitis, urethritis, or underlying hormonal imbalances. While occasional episodes are typically harmless, frequent or persistent occurrences—especially if accompanied by pain, discomfort, or urinary symptoms—may warrant further investigation. Consulting a urologist is advisable if spermatorrhea interferes with daily life or is linked to other health issues. The Urology Care Foundation and Cleveland Clinic offer more information on diagnosis and treatment options. Early assessment can help identify and address related reproductive or urinary conditions, promoting overall men’s health and well-being.

16. Phosphaturia

Phosphaturia occurs when there is an excess of phosphate in the urine, leading to the formation of a white, cloudy precipitate. This phenomenon is often benign and may be noticed after consuming foods high in phosphate, such as dairy products, fish, nuts, or processed foods. For example, after drinking several glasses of milk or eating a large amount of cheese in one sitting, some individuals might observe a temporary cloudiness in their urine due to the precipitation of phosphate salts.

Phosphaturia is typically more noticeable when the urine is alkaline, which can happen after meals or following a diet rich in fruits and vegetables. According to the NHS, this type of cloudiness is usually harmless and does not indicate an underlying disease, especially if it resolves with increased hydration or dietary adjustment. For most people, ensuring a balanced intake of phosphate-rich foods and staying hydrated will prevent persistent cloudiness. If the symptom persists or is accompanied by pain, blood in the urine, or other urinary changes, consult a healthcare provider for further evaluation. For more on diet and urinary health, visit the National Kidney Foundation’s guide to phosphorus.

17. Fungal Infections

Fungal infections, particularly those caused by Candida species, can affect the urinary tract and result in cloudy urine. This is most commonly observed in individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with diabetes, HIV/AIDS, organ transplants, or prolonged use of antibiotics or catheters. In these cases, the presence of yeast cells and fungal debris in the urine can create a cloudy or milky appearance, sometimes accompanied by discomfort, frequent urination, or a mild burning sensation.

Immunocompromised patients are especially at risk for developing candiduria, or the presence of Candida in the urine. According to the CDC, while mild cases may resolve on their own, persistent or symptomatic infections often require targeted antifungal treatment. Strategies include antifungal medications such as fluconazole and addressing underlying risk factors, like managing blood sugar in diabetics or minimizing unnecessary catheter use. The NHS recommends seeking medical advice if you experience persistent cloudy urine, especially with risk factors for fungal infection. Early intervention and appropriate antifungal therapy can help prevent complications, particularly in vulnerable populations.

18. Interstitial Cystitis

Interstitial cystitis (IC), also known as painful bladder syndrome, is a chronic condition characterized by persistent inflammation of the bladder wall without an underlying infection. This inflammation can cause cloudy urine due to the shedding of bladder cells, mucus, and inflammatory debris. Unlike typical bladder infections, IC is non-infectious in nature, and symptoms can fluctuate over time. Many patients report cloudy urine alongside pelvic pain, urinary urgency, and frequent urination.

Patient stories often highlight the unpredictable and frustrating nature of IC. Keeping a symptom diary can be helpful for individuals to track flare-ups, triggers, and associated changes in urine clarity. For example, one patient might notice increased cloudiness and discomfort after consuming acidic foods or during times of stress. According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), symptom diaries support tailored treatment plans and better communication with healthcare providers. The Interstitial Cystitis Association offers resources for patients managing this condition. While IC can be challenging, proactive symptom tracking and medical support can help improve quality of life and minimize urinary discomfort.

19. Vulvovaginitis (Women)

Vulvovaginitis refers to the inflammation of the vulva and vagina, which can lead to an increased amount of exudate—mucus, pus, or discharge—that may mix with urine during urination, causing it to appear cloudy. This condition is common among women and may be triggered by infections (bacterial, yeast, or viral), allergic reactions, hormonal changes, or irritants such as soaps, detergents, or tight clothing. When the exudate combines with urine, it can be visibly noticeable, especially when wiping or inspecting the urine stream.

Practical hygiene strategies are important for reducing irritation and preventing recurrent vulvovaginitis. The NHS recommends wearing breathable cotton underwear, avoiding perfumed hygiene products, and practicing regular but gentle cleaning of the genital area. Medical triggers, such as sexually transmitted infections or antibiotic use, should be identified and treated promptly, often requiring medical evaluation and targeted therapy. Persistent or severe symptoms—such as unusual odor, significant discomfort, or persistent cloudy urine—warrant consultation with a healthcare provider. For more information on prevention and care, visit the CDC’s vulvovaginitis resource.

20. Sperm in Female Urine

After recent sexual activity, it is possible for sperm to be present in a woman’s urine, resulting in a temporary cloudy or milky appearance. This occurs when residual semen in the vaginal canal is washed out during urination, mixing with the urine stream. Such cloudiness is typically noticed shortly after intercourse and is a benign, transient phenomenon that does not indicate a urinary or reproductive disorder. Many women may observe this change when wiping or inspecting the toilet bowl after urination.

This finding is completely normal and usually resolves with subsequent voids as the genital area is naturally cleansed. According to the NHS, there is no cause for concern unless the cloudiness persists beyond a day or is accompanied by other symptoms such as pain, burning, or foul odor, which could signal an infection. Practicing good genital hygiene after sexual activity can help minimize any discomfort. If cloudy urine continues or is associated with other urinary or vaginal symptoms, it is advisable to consult a healthcare provider for further evaluation. For more on normal urinary findings after intercourse, see the Planned Parenthood guide to sex aftercare.

21. Glomerulonephritis

Glomerulonephritis is a condition characterized by inflammation of the glomeruli, the tiny filtering units within the kidneys. When these structures become inflamed, often due to autoimmune diseases such as lupus or IgA nephropathy, their filtering ability is compromised. This allows proteins and red blood cells to leak into the urine, resulting in cloudy, foamy, or even reddish-colored urine. In addition to cloudiness, patients may experience swelling (especially around the eyes and ankles), high blood pressure, and reduced urine output.

Autoimmune diseases are a frequent underlying cause of glomerulonephritis, as the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks its own kidney tissues. The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) explains that early detection and management are crucial to prevent irreversible kidney damage. Laboratory tests often reveal the presence of protein (proteinuria) and blood (hematuria) in the urine, both of which can make urine appear cloudy. For those with known autoimmune conditions, regular monitoring of kidney health is recommended. More information on symptoms and treatment can be found at the National Kidney Foundation’s page on glomerulonephritis.

22. Hypercalciuria

Hypercalciuria is a condition characterized by excessive amounts of calcium in the urine, which can lead to the formation of visible precipitates and result in cloudy urine. This phenomenon often occurs when the kidneys excrete more calcium than usual, and the excess calcium combines with other substances, such as oxalate or phosphate, forming tiny crystals that cloud the urine. High-calcium diets, particularly those rich in dairy products or calcium supplements, can contribute to this condition, especially in individuals genetically predisposed to higher calcium excretion.

Persistent hypercalciuria is also associated with an increased risk for kidney stones and may be a sign of underlying metabolic disorders, such as hyperparathyroidism or certain genetic conditions. According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), individuals experiencing recurrent cloudy urine, kidney stones, or unexplained urinary symptoms should consider medical evaluation to test for calcium metabolism disorders. Laboratory analysis of urine and blood can help diagnose the underlying cause. For those with a family history of kidney stones or metabolic issues, dietary modifications and regular screening are recommended. More information can be found at the National Kidney Foundation’s hypercalciuria resource.

23. Pyuria

Pyuria describes the presence of an unusually high number of pus cells (white blood cells) in the urine, which often causes the urine to appear cloudy or turbid. This condition is most commonly seen in urinary tract infections (UTIs), where the body’s immune response sends white blood cells to fight invading bacteria. The accumulation of these cells, along with bacteria and cellular debris, is what produces the cloudy appearance. Other causes of pyuria can include kidney infections, interstitial cystitis, or even certain sexually transmitted infections.

A case example involves a patient presenting with cloudy urine, a high fever, chills, and lower abdominal pain—classic signs of an acute infection that may require urgent medical attention. According to the NHS, such symptoms should not be ignored, as untreated infections can lead to complications like kidney damage or sepsis. Diagnosis is typically confirmed through a urinalysis, which will show elevated white blood cells. The CDC recommends prompt treatment with antibiotics and follow-up care to ensure full recovery. Early intervention is crucial for preventing serious health consequences associated with pyuria and underlying infections.

24. Hematuria

Hematuria refers to the presence of blood in the urine, which can cause a cloudy, pinkish, or even reddish appearance depending on the amount and source of bleeding. Sometimes the blood is visible to the eye (gross hematuria), while in other cases it is only detected under a microscope (microscopic hematuria). Even minute amounts of blood can interact with urine to produce a cloudy effect, as red blood cells and proteins mingle with urinary fluid.

There are various causes of hematuria, with trauma and infection among the most common. Trauma might result from a direct blow to the kidneys or lower urinary tract, vigorous exercise, or recent catheterization, leading to bleeding from the urinary lining. Infections, such as urinary tract infections or kidney infections, can also inflame the urinary tract and cause bleeding. According to the NHS, it’s important to distinguish between benign and serious causes, as hematuria can also signal kidney stones, tumors, or other medical conditions. If you notice persistent cloudy or pinkish urine, especially with pain or fever, seek prompt evaluation. More information is available from the National Kidney Foundation’s hematuria resource.

25. Alkaline Urine

Alkaline urine occurs when the pH of urine shifts toward the basic (alkaline) range, typically above 7.0. This change in pH can cause certain minerals, especially phosphates, to precipitate out of solution and form visible particles, making urine appear cloudy or milky. The phenomenon is often harmless and may be noticed after consuming a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and dairy products, which are known to increase urine alkalinity. For example, a meal high in spinach, bananas, and milk may result in temporary urine cloudiness due to phosphate precipitation.

Alkalinity in urine can also be linked to urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by certain bacteria, such as Proteus species, which break down urea and raise urine pH. According to the NHS, a persistently alkaline urine pH, especially if accompanied by symptoms such as burning, frequency, or foul odor, may indicate an infection or metabolic issue. If cloudy urine persists or is associated with discomfort, medical evaluation is important. For more on urine pH, diet, and related urinary symptoms, visit the National Kidney Foundation’s urinalysis resource.

26. Diet High in Oxalates

Consuming a diet high in oxalates can lead to the formation of oxalate crystals in the urine, resulting in a cloudy appearance. Oxalates are naturally occurring compounds found in many plant-based foods, including spinach, beets, rhubarb, nuts, chocolate, and sweet potatoes. When the body processes and excretes excess oxalates, they can combine with calcium in the urine to form tiny, visible crystals. These crystals may cloud the urine, particularly after meals rich in oxalate-containing foods.

A practical example is a patient experiencing cloudy urine after eating a large spinach salad with walnuts and a side of chocolate. A dietary recall—where individuals track their recent food intake—can help identify patterns linking specific foods to changes in urine appearance. According to the National Kidney Foundation, people prone to kidney stones or recurrent cloudy urine should moderate high-oxalate foods and stay well-hydrated to dilute crystal formation. If symptoms persist, a healthcare provider may recommend urine testing for oxalates and other minerals. More on managing dietary oxalate can be found at the NHS kidney stones page.

27. Certain Vitamins and Supplements

Taking high doses of certain vitamins and supplements, particularly vitamin C, vitamin D, and B-complex vitamins, can affect urine clarity and sometimes make it appear cloudy. Excess vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is excreted by the kidneys as oxalate, which can form crystals and cloud the urine. Similarly, high intake of vitamin D may increase calcium excretion, potentially leading to calcium phosphate precipitation. B vitamins, especially riboflavin (B2), often cause a bright yellow color and can sometimes contribute to a cloudy appearance when taken in excess.

There are common misconceptions that more vitamins are always better, but excessive supplementation can lead to unnecessary changes in urine and, in rare cases, kidney stress or stone formation. The NHS advises that most people can meet their vitamin needs through a balanced diet and that supplements should only be used when medically indicated. The National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements provides safe intake guidelines and recommended daily allowances. If you notice persistent cloudy urine while taking supplements, consider reviewing your intake and consulting a healthcare provider before continuing high doses.

28. Excessive Exercise

Intense or prolonged physical activity can sometimes lead to muscle breakdown, a condition known as rhabdomyolysis, which can cause cloudy urine. When muscle fibers are damaged due to overexertion, they release proteins such as myoglobin into the bloodstream. The kidneys filter out these proteins, which may accumulate in the urine and create a cloudy, dark, or cola-colored appearance. This is sometimes observed in endurance athletes, such as marathon runners, after extreme training or competition.

An illustrative anecdote involves a marathon runner who noticed cloudy and unusually dark urine following a particularly grueling race. Alongside muscle soreness and fatigue, this runner experienced mild swelling and weakness—classic warning signs of rhabdomyolysis. According to the NHS, additional symptoms may include severe muscle pain, reduced urine output, and confusion. Prompt medical attention is crucial, as untreated rhabdomyolysis can lead to kidney damage or failure. The CDC recommends proper hydration, gradual training increases, and listening to your body to prevent overexertion. If you notice persistent cloudy, dark urine after heavy exercise, seek immediate evaluation for potential muscle injury.

29. Medicated Douches and Feminine Hygiene Products

Residue from medicated douches and various feminine hygiene products can mix with urine and cause temporary cloudiness. These products often contain chemicals, fragrances, or antiseptics that may not be fully rinsed away after use, resulting in visible particles or a milky appearance in the urine stream. Overuse or frequent application of such products can also disrupt the natural balance of vaginal flora, leading to irritation or increased discharge, which further contributes to cloudy urine.

It is important to select gentle, unscented products and limit the frequency of use to avoid unnecessary irritation. The NHS recommends avoiding routine douching and unnecessary feminine washes, as the vagina is self-cleaning and typically does not require these interventions. If you choose to use hygiene products, opt for those specifically designed for sensitive skin and avoid harsh chemicals or strong fragrances. Persistent cloudy urine, especially when accompanied by irritation, itching, or unusual odor, should prompt consultation with a healthcare provider. For more information on safe hygiene practices and product selection, visit the Planned Parenthood’s guide to feminine hygiene products.

30. Stress and Hormonal Changes

Stress and hormonal fluctuations can significantly influence urinary output and clarity in both women and men. During periods of heightened stress—whether from work, family changes, or major life events—the body releases stress hormones such as cortisol and adrenaline. These hormones can alter kidney function and fluid balance, sometimes resulting in more concentrated, cloudy urine. Stress may also impact hydration levels, as individuals often neglect fluid intake or experience changes in appetite and thirst.

For women, hormonal changes related to the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, or menopause can affect both the vaginal and urinary tracts. For example, increased vaginal discharge around ovulation or menstruation may mix with urine, leading to temporary cloudiness. According to the NHS, managing stress through relaxation techniques, regular exercise, and adequate hydration can help stabilize urinary symptoms. If cloudy urine occurs alongside major hormonal shifts or stressful periods, it is usually transient. However, persistent changes should not be ignored. For additional information on the effects of stress and hormones on urinary health, visit the Mind guide to the effects of stress.

31. Bacterial Vaginosis (Women)

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common vaginal condition resulting from an imbalance in the natural bacteria found in the vagina. When the usual dominance of lactobacilli is disrupted and replaced by an overgrowth of other bacteria, it can produce a thin, grayish or white discharge with a distinctive fishy odor. This discharge may mix with urine during urination, causing the urine to appear cloudy or murky. BV is not considered a sexually transmitted infection, but sexual activity can increase the risk.

Practical cues for recognizing BV include a noticeable change in vaginal discharge, unpleasant odor, and cloudiness in urine after urination. According to the NHS, women experiencing these symptoms should avoid using perfumed soaps or douches and consult a healthcare provider for diagnosis. Laboratory testing of a vaginal swab can confirm BV, and treatment usually involves a course of antibiotics such as metronidazole. The CDC also recommends prompt treatment to prevent complications, especially during pregnancy. Early recognition and care can help resolve symptoms and restore a healthy vaginal balance, reducing cloudy urine linked to BV.

32. Scented Toilet Papers or Soaps

Scented toilet papers and fragranced soaps contain chemicals and artificial additives that can cause irritation of the delicate skin around the genitals and urinary tract. Frequent use of these products may trigger allergic reactions or inflammation, resulting in increased vaginal or penile discharge, which can mix with urine and make it appear cloudy. The irritation may also lead to itching, redness, and discomfort, prompting further use of topical products that can worsen the cycle of irritation.

According to the NHS, it is best to avoid perfumed toilet paper, bubble baths, and scented soaps for intimate hygiene. Instead, choose unscented, hypoallergenic products and wash the genital area with plain water or a mild, non-irritating cleanser. If you notice new or persistent cloudiness in your urine, especially if accompanied by burning, itching, or abnormal discharge, it may be a sign of irritation or an allergic reaction to hygiene products. Discontinuing the use of scented items usually resolves symptoms within a few days. For more advice on preventing irritation and maintaining urinary clarity, see the Planned Parenthood guide on vulvovaginitis.

33. Chemotherapy Side Effects

Chemotherapy drugs, widely used in cancer treatment, can significantly affect kidney function and alter the appearance of urine. Many chemotherapy agents are processed and eliminated by the kidneys, which can become temporarily overwhelmed or irritated. This may lead to cloudy, foamy, or discolored urine due to the presence of excess proteins, white blood cells, or medication metabolites. Some patients report noticing changes in urine clarity, color, or odor during and after chemotherapy sessions, often accompanied by increased urination or mild discomfort.

Patient experiences vary, but it is important to closely monitor any changes in urinary symptoms while undergoing cancer therapy. The Cancer Research UK highlights that side effects such as cloudy urine, blood in the urine, or reduced urine output should be promptly reported to your oncology team. According to the National Cancer Institute, regular blood and urine tests are used to track kidney health during chemotherapy. Staying hydrated and following your care provider’s recommendations can help minimize risks. Early detection of kidney or urinary side effects allows for timely intervention and better overall cancer treatment outcomes.

34. Leukorrhea (Women)

Leukorrhea refers to the vaginal discharge that is typically white or clear and can vary in consistency throughout a woman’s menstrual cycle. Normal leukorrhea serves to keep the vagina clean and moist, and it may be more noticeable during ovulation, pregnancy, or sexual arousal. When this discharge mixes with urine during urination, it can create a cloudy or milky appearance in the toilet bowl or on toilet paper. This is generally harmless and a sign of healthy reproductive function.

However, abnormal leukorrhea—characterized by a strong odor, yellow or green tint, thick texture, or accompanied by itching or irritation—may signal an infection such as bacterial vaginosis, yeast infection, or a sexually transmitted infection. According to the NHS, women should seek gynecological evaluation if they notice persistent changes in discharge color, odor, or volume, especially if it is associated with cloudy urine and other symptoms like pain or discomfort. Early evaluation and treatment can prevent complications and offer peace of mind. For more information on distinguishing normal from abnormal discharge, visit the Planned Parenthood guide to vaginal discharge.

35. Tuberculosis of the Urinary Tract

Tuberculosis (TB) of the urinary tract is a rare but serious form of extrapulmonary TB that can significantly affect urine appearance. This condition occurs when Mycobacterium tuberculosis spreads from the lungs to the kidneys, ureters, bladder, or urethra, causing chronic inflammation and tissue damage. Patients with urinary TB may notice cloudy urine, sometimes containing pus, blood, or small tissue clumps, along with symptoms such as frequent urination, lower back pain, and fever. The cloudiness results from a combination of white blood cells, bacteria, and necrotic tissue being excreted in the urine.

According to the CDC, global TB cases remain a significant public health concern, though urinary tract involvement is relatively uncommon compared to pulmonary TB. Early detection is crucial, as untreated urinary TB can lead to severe kidney damage and long-term complications. The NHS recommends prompt medical attention for individuals with persistent urinary changes, especially in those with a history of TB exposure or immunocompromised status. Diagnosis involves urine cultures and imaging studies. Timely treatment with anti-tubercular medications is essential for a favorable outcome and to prevent the spread of infection.

36. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (Women)

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) is an infection of the female reproductive organs that can cause significant inflammation and the production of pus and cellular debris. This exudate may enter the urinary tract during urination, resulting in cloudy or foul-smelling urine. PID most often arises from untreated sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as chlamydia or gonorrhea, but it can also result from bacterial infections introduced during childbirth, abortion, or pelvic procedures.

Risk factors for PID include multiple sexual partners, a history of STIs, douching, and use of intrauterine devices (IUDs) shortly after insertion. According to the NHS, symptoms may include lower abdominal pain, abnormal vaginal discharge, pain during intercourse, fever, and changes in urine such as cloudiness or odor. The condition requires prompt medical attention, as delayed treatment can lead to chronic pelvic pain, infertility, or ectopic pregnancy. The CDC recommends early intervention with antibiotics and follow-up care. If you experience symptoms suggestive of PID, seek immediate evaluation to reduce the risk of complications and protect reproductive health.

37. Immune System Disorders

Immune system disorders, particularly autoimmune diseases, can have a profound impact on urinary health and urine appearance. In these conditions, the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissues, including the kidneys and urinary tract. One notable example is lupus nephritis, a complication of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), in which immune complexes cause inflammation and damage to the kidney’s filtering units. This leads to the leakage of proteins, blood cells, and immune debris into the urine, resulting in a cloudy, foamy, or even reddish-tinged appearance.

According to the NHS, symptoms of lupus nephritis can include swelling (especially in the legs or around the eyes), high blood pressure, and changes in urine such as cloudiness or color changes. Early detection and treatment are crucial, as ongoing inflammation can cause irreversible kidney damage. The Lupus Foundation of America emphasizes the importance of regular urine and blood tests for those with autoimmune diseases, even if symptoms are mild or intermittent. Routine screening enables early diagnosis, timely intervention, and better long-term outcomes for individuals at risk of immune-mediated kidney involvement.

38. Herbal Remedies

Certain herbal remedies, teas, and supplements can influence urine clarity by causing precipitation of compounds or increasing urinary debris. Popular herbs such as parsley, dandelion, nettle, and uva ursi are traditionally used in many cultures for their diuretic or cleansing properties. When consumed in large amounts, these herbs may introduce plant particles, increase the excretion of minerals, or alter urine pH, which can result in cloudy or sediment-laden urine. For example, drinking concentrated nettle tea or using herbal blends for detox purposes may lead to temporary cloudiness as the body eliminates byproducts through the kidneys.

Cultural practices—such as traditional Chinese medicine or Ayurveda—often incorporate herbal diuretics for urinary health. While these remedies are generally safe when used moderately, excessive or unregulated use can lead to unwanted effects or mask underlying issues. The NHS advises caution with herbal products, especially if you are taking conventional medications or have preexisting health conditions. Always consult a healthcare provider before starting new herbal supplements, and monitor your response. For more on herbal supplement safety, visit the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health’s “Herbs at a Glance”.

39. Urinary Catheters

Urinary catheter use, whether in hospital or home settings, can significantly increase the risk of urinary tract infections (UTIs) and the accumulation of debris in the urine, both of which contribute to cloudiness. Catheters can introduce bacteria into the urinary tract, leading to the presence of white blood cells, pus, and even blood in the urine. In addition, long-term catheterization may cause mineral or protein deposits to form along the catheter, further increasing the likelihood of cloudy urine.

Hospitalized patients and individuals with chronic health conditions are most commonly affected, as catheters are often used for bladder management during surgery or immobility. Proper catheter care is essential to minimize complications. The CDC recommends frequent hand washing, regular catheter changes, and prompt removal of the catheter as soon as it is no longer medically necessary. At home, patients and caregivers should practice good hygiene, monitor for signs of infection (such as fever, pain, or persistent cloudy urine), and seek medical advice if symptoms arise. For further guidance, visit the NHS urinary catheter care page for detailed instructions on catheter maintenance and infection prevention.

40. Bladder Stones

Bladder stones are hard mineral deposits that form within the bladder, often as a result of incomplete bladder emptying, chronic infections, or the presence of foreign bodies such as catheters. These stones can irritate the bladder lining and cause bleeding, inflammation, and the shedding of cells or mucus, all of which may cloud the urine. Much like kidney stones, bladder stones may be composed of calcium, uric acid, or other minerals, but they differ in location and often develop as a complication of urinary retention or obstruction.

Diagnostic clues for bladder stones include persistent cloudy urine, lower abdominal pain, difficulty urinating, and sometimes visible blood in the urine. Unlike kidney stones, which often cause severe flank pain, bladder stones typically cause discomfort that worsens at the end of urination or with movement. According to the NHS, imaging tests such as ultrasound or X-rays, along with urinalysis, are used for diagnosis. Removing the stone is usually necessary to resolve symptoms and prevent further complications. For more information about bladder stones and how they compare to kidney stones, visit the Urology Care Foundation bladder stones resource.

41. Genitourinary Fistulas

Genitourinary fistulas are abnormal connections between the urinary tract and adjacent organs, such as the vagina, rectum, or bowel. These fistulas allow fluids like feces, menstrual blood, or vaginal secretions to mix with urine, resulting in persistent cloudiness, foul odor, and sometimes visible debris in the urine. Fistulas most commonly arise as complications of pelvic surgery (such as hysterectomy or C-section), radiation therapy, traumatic childbirth, or advanced pelvic disease.

Surgical case reports often describe patients presenting with continuous leakage of urine through the vagina (in vesicovaginal fistulas) or passage of air and stool in the urine (in rectovesical fistulas). These symptoms are distressing and typically do not resolve spontaneously. According to the NHS, anyone experiencing persistent cloudy urine with unusual discharge, gas, or fecal matter should seek specialist input from a urologist or gynecologist. Diagnosis involves imaging studies and specialized dye tests to locate the fistula. Timely surgical repair is often required to restore function and prevent infections or further complications. For more information on causes, symptoms, and treatments, visit the Urology Care Foundation’s fistula resource.

42. Pelvic Floor Disorders

Pelvic floor disorders occur when the muscles and connective tissues supporting the pelvic organs—such as the bladder, uterus, or rectum—become weakened or damaged. This weakening is common after childbirth, pelvic surgery, or with aging. As a result, individuals may experience difficulty fully emptying the bladder, leading to urinary retention and an increased risk of infections or debris buildup. These issues can manifest as cloudy urine due to the presence of residual urine, bacteria, or sloughed cells.

Women are particularly susceptible to pelvic floor disorders following vaginal delivery or gynecological surgeries, but men can also be affected after prostate procedures. According to the NHS, symptoms might include urinary incontinence, frequent urges to urinate, sensation of incomplete bladder emptying, and changes in urine clarity. Performing pelvic floor exercises (such as Kegels) can help strengthen these muscles and improve urinary function. Persistent urinary symptoms after childbirth or surgery warrant evaluation by a healthcare provider, as targeted physiotherapy or surgical intervention may be needed. For more information about diagnosis and management, visit the Urology Care Foundation’s pelvic floor dysfunction resource.

43. Gout

Gout is a metabolic condition characterized by elevated levels of uric acid in the blood, which can lead to the formation of sharp uric acid crystals. While gout is best known for causing sudden, severe joint pain—often in the big toe—these uric acid crystals can also be excreted in the urine. When present in high concentrations, uric acid may precipitate out of solution and form visible crystals, resulting in cloudy or gritty urine. This phenomenon is particularly common during acute gout attacks or in individuals with poorly controlled uric acid levels.

Dietary triggers for gout include foods high in purines, such as red meat, shellfish, organ meats, and alcohol (especially beer). Consuming these foods can raise uric acid levels and increase the likelihood of both joint and urinary symptoms. According to the NHS, gout sufferers should maintain a healthy weight, limit purine-rich foods, and stay well-hydrated to help reduce uric acid buildup. Persistent cloudy urine, especially when accompanied by joint pain, warrants medical evaluation to assess uric acid levels and kidney function. For more guidance on gout management and urinary symptoms, see the Arthritis Foundation’s resource on gout.

44. Excessive Alcohol Consumption

Excessive alcohol consumption has a significant impact on urinary health and clarity. Alcohol acts as a diuretic, increasing urine production and promoting fluid loss from the body. This can lead to dehydration, causing urine to become more concentrated and potentially cloudy, as waste products and minerals are excreted in higher concentrations. In addition, binge drinking or chronic heavy alcohol use can irritate the bladder and kidneys, sometimes resulting in inflammation or the presence of cellular debris in the urine.

After a night of heavy drinking, individuals may notice darker, cloudier urine and a strong odor. According to the NHS, regular excessive drinking not only increases dehydration risk but also raises the chance of urinary tract infections and long-term kidney problems. To minimize these effects, it is important to drink alcohol in moderation and maintain adequate hydration by drinking water before, during, and after alcohol consumption. The CDC recommends limiting intake to moderate levels and being aware of the signs of dehydration. Persistent cloudy urine after alcohol use should prompt a review of drinking habits and, if ongoing, consultation with a healthcare provider.

45. Liver Disease

Liver disease can have a marked effect on urine composition and clarity. When the liver is unable to properly process and eliminate waste products, substances such as bilirubin and urobilinogen can accumulate in the bloodstream and are excreted in the urine. This may result in urine that appears dark, tea-colored, or cloudy. Hepatitis, an inflammation of the liver caused by viral infection or toxins, is a common example where patients often notice changes in urine color and clarity as an early symptom. In advanced liver disease, protein and cellular debris may also be present in the urine due to impaired filtration and systemic effects.

Routine screening and early detection are crucial for managing liver conditions. According to the NHS, tests such as liver function panels and urinalysis are routinely used to monitor for complications or disease progression. The CDC highlights the value of hepatitis screening, particularly for individuals at higher risk due to lifestyle or family history. If you observe persistent cloudy or dark urine—especially alongside jaundice, fatigue, or abdominal pain—prompt medical evaluation is important for early intervention and improved outcomes.

46. Parasitic Infections

Parasitic infections, though rare in developed countries, can cause significant urinary changes, including cloudiness. One notable example is schistosomiasis, a disease caused by parasitic worms of the genus Schistosoma, which can infect the urinary tract. Infected individuals may experience symptoms such as bloody, cloudy, or foul-smelling urine, along with pain or frequent urination. The presence of parasite eggs, blood, pus, and inflammatory cells in the urine leads to its abnormal appearance. Schistosomiasis is most commonly contracted when swimming or wading in contaminated freshwater in parts of Africa, the Middle East, South America, and Asia.

Travel history is a crucial clue in diagnosing parasitic urinary infections. According to the CDC, schistosomiasis can lead to chronic bladder inflammation, kidney damage, and increased risk of bladder cancer if left untreated. Prevention involves avoiding exposure to potentially contaminated waters and following public health recommendations when traveling to endemic areas. The NHS advises travelers to seek medical evaluation if they develop urinary symptoms after returning from high-risk regions. Early diagnosis and antiparasitic treatment are essential for preventing complications and restoring urinary health.

47. Chemical Exposure

Occupational or accidental exposure to certain chemicals can impact urinary health and alter urine appearance, sometimes resulting in cloudiness. Workers in industries such as manufacturing, agriculture, or laboratory settings may come into contact with solvents, heavy metals, pesticides, or dyes that are absorbed into the body and excreted via the kidneys. For example, factory workers exposed to aniline dyes or benzene compounds may notice changes in urine color, clarity, or odor due to chemical metabolites or kidney irritation. Such exposures can also increase the risk of urinary tract inflammation, proteinuria (protein in urine), or even hematuria (blood in urine), all of which may contribute to cloudiness.

Strict safety protocols are essential for minimizing health risks. The CDC’s National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recommends the use of personal protective equipment, proper ventilation, and regular health screenings for workers at risk of chemical exposure. If urinary changes occur after accidental spills or chronic exposure, prompt medical evaluation is necessary. The UK Health and Safety Executive (HSE) offers additional guidance on chemical safety and first aid. Maintaining workplace safety and reporting any new symptoms can help prevent long-term complications from harmful chemical exposures.

48. Myoglobinuria

Myoglobinuria is a condition where myoglobin, a protein released from injured muscle tissue, enters the bloodstream and is subsequently filtered into the urine. This can give urine a cloudy, reddish, or cola-like appearance. Myoglobin is toxic to the kidneys and its presence in the urine is often a sign of significant muscle injury, such as from severe sports injuries, crush incidents, or extreme exertion. For example, an athlete who suffers a major muscle strain or trauma during a high-intensity game may later notice dark, cloudy urine, muscle pain, and weakness—classic signs of myoglobinuria.

Prompt recognition of myoglobinuria is crucial, as the condition can rapidly progress to acute kidney injury if left untreated. According to the NHS, symptoms such as muscle swelling, tenderness, reduced urine output, and confusion warrant immediate medical attention. Treatment typically involves aggressive hydration and monitoring of kidney function to prevent permanent damage. The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) provides additional information on diagnosis and management. Anyone experiencing dark or cloudy urine following a muscle injury should seek urgent care to ensure timely intervention and avoid serious complications.

49. Rare Genetic Disorders

Rare genetic disorders can profoundly affect urine composition and clarity, often leading to chronic or recurrent cloudiness. One notable example is cystinuria, an inherited condition where the kidneys are unable to properly reabsorb the amino acid cystine. This results in high levels of cystine in the urine, which can precipitate and form crystals or stones, making the urine appear cloudy or sandy. Cystinuria typically presents in childhood or young adulthood and may cause recurrent kidney or bladder stones, urinary discomfort, and visible sediment in the urine.

Other inherited metabolic disorders, such as primary hyperoxaluria or certain forms of aminoaciduria, can also cause abnormal crystal formation and persistent urinary changes. According to the NHS, genetic counseling and family screening are practical steps for individuals with a known family history of such disorders. Genetic counseling can help at-risk individuals understand their condition, manage symptoms, and make informed choices regarding family planning. The NIH Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center provides further resources on diagnosis and management. Early intervention and regular medical monitoring are essential to reduce complications and improve quality of life for those affected by rare genetic urinary disorders.

50. Aging and Urinary Changes

Aging brings about numerous physiological changes, including a gradual decline in kidney function and alterations in urinary tract health. As people age, the kidneys may become less efficient at filtering waste and balancing fluids, leading to more concentrated or cloudy urine. Older adults are also more prone to urinary tract infections, dehydration, and chronic conditions such as diabetes or high blood pressure, all of which can further affect urine clarity. Additionally, age-related weakening of the bladder and pelvic floor muscles may contribute to incomplete bladder emptying, residual urine, and an increased risk of infection or debris in the urine.

Population demographics show a growing proportion of older adults worldwide, emphasizing the importance of monitoring urinary health in this age group. According to the NHS, regular checkups, including urinalysis and kidney function tests, are recommended for older individuals to detect early signs of kidney or urinary problems. Staying hydrated, maintaining a balanced diet, and promptly addressing urinary symptoms are key preventive measures. For more information on urinary changes and aging, the National Kidney Foundation offers comprehensive resources and advice for maintaining kidney health throughout the lifespan.

Conclusion

Monitoring changes in urine clarity can provide valuable insights into overall health and signal underlying medical conditions. While occasional cloudy urine may result from benign causes, persistent or recurrent changes should not be ignored. Timely consultation with a healthcare provider is crucial for accurate diagnosis and early intervention, which can prevent complications. Routine screenings, such as urinalysis and kidney function tests, are especially important for individuals with risk factors or underlying health issues. For more on the importance of urinary health, visit the National Kidney Foundation’s urinalysis resource. Proactive attention to urinary symptoms empowers individuals to maintain their well-being and address potential problems before they become serious.

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