Blood Cancer Signs, Symptoms & Diagnosis

1. Persistent Fatigue

One of the most commonly reported early signs of blood cancer is persistent fatigue. Unlike normal tiredness that resolves with rest, this type of fatigue is profound, unrelenting, and often interferes with daily activities.
The underlying cause relates to the cancer’s impact on the blood and bone marrow. As cancerous cells proliferate, they crowd out healthy blood cells, leading to anemia (a shortage of red blood cells). This reduces the body’s ability to deliver oxygen efficiently, resulting in constant exhaustion even after adequate sleep or relaxation.

It’s important to differentiate this fatigue from everyday tiredness. While everyone experiences low energy at times due to stress, overexertion, or lack of sleep, fatigue linked to blood cancer is more severe and persistent. It often occurs without a clear reason and does not improve with rest.
If you or someone you know experiences unexplained, ongoing fatigue that lasts for weeks and is accompanied by other symptoms like pallor or shortness of breath, it’s crucial to consult a healthcare professional promptly. Early evaluation can make a significant difference in identifying underlying causes and initiating timely treatment.

2. Frequent Infections

Blood cancers often disrupt the normal production of white blood cells, which play a vital role in defending the body against infections. When these protective cells are reduced or dysfunctional, the immune system becomes less effective, making individuals more susceptible to a range of infections.
This vulnerability can manifest as frequent, recurrent, or unusually severe illnesses. Common examples include repeated colds, persistent sore throats, sinus infections, bronchitis, or even pneumonia. In some cases, infections may last longer than usual or fail to respond to standard treatments.

It’s important to pay attention to any changes in your infection patterns. If you notice you’re getting sick more often than normal, or if routine infections seem harder to recover from, it could be a warning sign of an underlying issue with your immune system.
Monitor the frequency, duration, and severity of your illnesses, and keep a record if needed.
If you experience repeated infections or infections that are unusually difficult to treat, seek medical advice to rule out serious conditions, including blood cancers. Early recognition and medical evaluation can help ensure prompt diagnosis and care.

3. Unexplained Bruising

Another important sign of blood cancer is unexplained bruising. This occurs when cancer disrupts the normal production of platelets in the bone marrow. Platelets are essential for blood clotting; without enough, even minor bumps can cause significant bruising, and sometimes bruises can appear without any clear injury.

Unlike the occasional bruise from a known fall or bump, bruising related to blood cancer is often unexpected, frequent, or appears in unusual places, such as the back, stomach, or arms. These bruises may be larger, darker, and slower to heal than normal bruises. You might also notice other signs of bleeding, like frequent nosebleeds or bleeding gums, which further suggest platelet problems.

It’s wise to keep track of any unusual bruises—note their size, location, and how quickly they appear or fade.
If you see repeated bruising without obvious cause, or if new bruises seem to form easily, this could be a warning sign of an underlying blood disorder. Consult your healthcare provider for a thorough evaluation and appropriate testing if you notice these patterns.

4. Excessive Bleeding

Blood cancers can also cause excessive or prolonged bleeding because of impaired platelet production. Platelets are crucial for forming clots and stopping bleeding. When their numbers are low or their function is compromised, even minor injuries can result in bleeding that is difficult to control.
You may notice frequent or lingering nosebleeds, bleeding gums after brushing teeth, or cuts that take a long time to stop bleeding.

Sometimes, excessive bleeding can occur spontaneously, with no apparent cause. For example, you might see blood in your urine or stool, or experience heavy or irregular menstrual periods.
This is not only alarming but can also be dangerous, increasing the risk of significant blood loss and related complications.

It’s important to recognize when bleeding exceeds what’s considered normal. If you experience nosebleeds that last longer than 20 minutes, recurrent gum bleeding, or unexpected bleeding from other areas, it’s essential to consult a healthcare provider.
Prompt medical attention is vital, as excessive bleeding may indicate a serious underlying issue such as a blood cancer or other hematologic disorder.

5. Swollen Lymph Nodes

Swollen lymph nodes are another hallmark of certain blood cancers, especially lymphomas and leukemias. Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped glands that filter lymph fluid and play a key role in the immune system. When blood cancer cells grow and accumulate within these nodes, they can cause noticeable swelling.

Unlike the tender, temporary swelling often seen with common infections like a sore throat or cold, lymph node swelling from blood cancer is typically painless and persistent. These lumps may appear in the neck, underarms, or groin, and usually do not shrink over time. In some cases, the swelling can become quite pronounced, making the lumps easy to feel or even see.

It’s important to regularly check for unusual lumps—gently feel areas such as your neck, jawline, armpits, and groin. If you discover a painless, firm, or enlarging lump that lasts more than a couple of weeks, it warrants prompt medical attention.
Early detection and evaluation are essential, as swollen lymph nodes can indicate not only blood cancers but also other serious health conditions.

6. Night Sweats

Night sweats—episodes of intense sweating during sleep—are a common but often overlooked symptom of blood cancers, particularly lymphomas. This excessive sweating is thought to result from the body’s immune response to cancer or from substances released by cancer cells that disrupt normal temperature regulation.
Unlike mild perspiration, night sweats associated with blood cancer are usually drenching, often soaking through sleepwear and bedding.

It’s important to distinguish these sweats from those caused by other conditions. For example, menopause can lead to hot flashes and sweating, while infections such as the flu or tuberculosis also cause fever and night sweats. Blood cancer-related night sweats are typically persistent, not linked to fever or infection, and occur even when the room is cool.

If you experience frequent or severe night sweats that disrupt your sleep and are not explained by another cause, it may be a sign of an underlying condition. Keep track of the frequency, intensity, and any associated symptoms, such as weight loss or fatigue.
Consult a healthcare provider if these episodes persist, as timely evaluation is crucial for early diagnosis.

7. Fever Without Infection

A persistent or recurring fever without a clear infection can be an important warning sign of blood cancer. Unlike the short-term fevers caused by common illnesses such as the flu or a cold, these fevers tend to be low-grade but may last for weeks, or come and go without explanation.
This happens because blood cancers sometimes trigger the immune system or release substances that disrupt the body’s normal temperature regulation.

With typical viral or bacterial infections, fever usually resolves once the infection is treated or runs its course. In contrast, fevers associated with blood cancers are more stubborn. They are not usually accompanied by symptoms like a sore throat, cough, or runny nose, and they don’t respond to antibiotics or over-the-counter remedies.

If you experience an unexplained fever lasting more than a week, or if you repeatedly develop fevers without any obvious cause, it’s important to track their frequency, duration, and any other symptoms.
Consult your healthcare provider for further evaluation. Persistent fevers can be a clue to underlying health problems, and early investigation can help identify serious conditions like blood cancers before they progress.

8. Unintended Weight Loss

Unintended weight loss is another potential sign of blood cancer that should not be ignored. Unlike weight loss from purposeful dieting or increased exercise, this type is unexplained, often rapid, and occurs even when eating habits remain unchanged.
Blood cancers can speed up the body’s metabolism and trigger the release of substances that break down fat and muscle, leading to noticeable weight reduction over a short period.

While shedding a few pounds due to changes in activity or diet is normal, losing more than 5-10% of your body weight within six months without trying may signal a serious health issue. This weight loss is often accompanied by other symptoms, such as fatigue, night sweats, or loss of appetite.

Keep a close eye on any unexpected changes in your weight, especially if you notice your clothes fitting more loosely or if friends and family comment on your appearance.
If you experience significant, unexplained weight loss, consult a healthcare provider promptly. Early evaluation can help identify the underlying cause and lead to timely intervention, which is crucial for better outcomes.

9. Bone or Joint Pain

Bone or joint pain can be an important but often overlooked symptom of blood cancers, especially leukemia and multiple myeloma. These cancers cause abnormal blood cells to accumulate in the bone marrow, resulting in pressure, inflammation, and discomfort within the bones or joints.
This pain is typically described as a deep, aching sensation rather than the stiffness or sharp pain often associated with common conditions like arthritis or minor injuries.

Unlike arthritis, which usually affects specific joints and may improve with movement, bone or joint pain from blood cancer tends to be persistent and may not respond to typical pain relief methods. It often affects the long bones of the arms and legs or the lower back, and can sometimes be severe enough to disrupt daily activities or sleep.

If you experience ongoing, unexplained bone or joint pain that is deep and persistent, it’s important to take it seriously.
Track the location, intensity, and duration of your pain, and report these details to your healthcare provider. Timely evaluation can help uncover serious conditions like blood cancers and lead to more effective treatment.

10. Shortness of Breath

Shortness of breath is a symptom that can arise when blood cancers disrupt the production of healthy red blood cells, leading to anemia. Red blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body, and when their numbers drop, less oxygen reaches the tissues. This can leave you feeling winded or breathless—even with minor exertion.

Unlike the temporary breathlessness that follows intense exercise or physical activity, shortness of breath linked to blood cancer can occur during everyday tasks, such as climbing stairs, walking short distances, or even while resting. You might also notice an increased heart rate, dizziness, or a pale complexion alongside this symptom.

It’s important to pay attention if you become unusually short of breath during mild activities, or if you struggle to catch your breath while sitting or lying down.
Persistent or worsening breathlessness should not be ignored.
If you experience these symptoms, especially in combination with fatigue or other warning signs, consult a healthcare provider as soon as possible. Early investigation can reveal underlying causes like blood cancers and support better treatment outcomes.

11. Paleness (Pallor)

Paleness, or pallor, is a noticeable change in the color of your skin or mucous membranes and can be a subtle but important sign of blood cancers. This occurs when the bone marrow is unable to produce enough healthy red blood cells, a condition known as anemia. With fewer red blood cells circulating, less oxygen reaches the skin, causing it to appear lighter or washed out.

Unlike temporary paleness that results from cold weather, fear, or sudden shock—which quickly fades once the situation resolves—pallor from anemia is persistent and often most visible in the face, inside the lower eyelids, and on the gums. You may also notice your lips and nail beds losing their usual pinkish tone.

If you or someone close to you develops a consistent, unexplained lightness of the skin or gums, especially when paired with other symptoms like fatigue or shortness of breath, it’s wise to monitor these changes over time.
Document any noticeable shifts in color and discuss them with your healthcare provider. Persistent pallor may indicate an underlying issue such as blood cancer and warrants prompt medical evaluation.

12. Petechiae (Tiny Red Spots)

Petechiae are tiny, pinpoint red or purple spots that appear on the skin or inside the mouth. These spots result from small blood vessels (capillaries) leaking blood under the surface, often due to a low platelet count associated with blood cancers. Petechiae are distinct from common rashes because they don’t blanch or fade when pressed, and they can appear in clusters on areas like the legs, feet, or around the eyes.

Unlike rashes from allergies or infections, which may be itchy or raised, petechiae are flat, painless, and not accompanied by itching or inflammation. They can develop suddenly and may increase in number over time, especially if platelet counts continue to drop. Sometimes, they are mistaken for freckles or minor bleeding under the skin.

If you notice unexplained, persistent red or purple spots that do not disappear when pressed and are not related to injury or known skin conditions, it’s important to seek medical evaluation.
Petechiae can be an early warning sign of blood cancers or other serious blood disorders, and early diagnosis significantly improves the chances of effective treatment.

13. Swollen Abdomen

Swelling or fullness in the abdomen can be a symptom of blood cancers, especially when the liver or spleen becomes enlarged. These organs filter blood and help fight infection, but when cancerous blood cells accumulate there, they can grow in size and cause visible or palpable swelling. This often leads to a sensation of tightness, discomfort, or even visible distension in the abdomen.

Unlike the temporary bloating that follows a large meal or results from digestive issues—which typically subsides within hours—abdominal swelling from an enlarged spleen or liver is persistent and doesn’t improve with time. You may notice you feel full after only a small amount of food (early satiety), or experience dull pain on the left or right side under your ribs.

If you develop ongoing abdominal fullness, swelling, or discomfort that doesn’t go away, especially if accompanied by other symptoms like weight loss or fatigue, it’s important to consult your healthcare provider.
Persistent abdominal swelling warrants a thorough evaluation to rule out blood cancers or other serious medical conditions affecting the liver or spleen.

14. Loss of Appetite

Loss of appetite is a common but often subtle symptom seen in people with blood cancers. This symptom can result when cancer cells release cytokines—chemical messengers that influence the body’s metabolism and suppress hunger signals in the brain. These changes can make food seem unappealing or cause feelings of fullness after eating only a small amount.

It’s important to distinguish this appetite loss from the temporary decrease in hunger that many people experience during times of stress, illness, or emotional upheaval. Appetite loss linked to blood cancer is typically persistent and not related to mood, stress, or dietary changes. It often comes with other symptoms, such as unexplained weight loss, fatigue, or abdominal discomfort.

Pay attention if you notice a significant, ongoing reduction in your desire to eat, or if meals are consistently less satisfying. You might find yourself skipping meals or leaving food unfinished, even when you haven’t eaten much throughout the day.
If appetite loss persists or is associated with other warning signs, consult your healthcare provider. Early recognition of this symptom can prompt timely evaluation and diagnosis of underlying conditions, including blood cancers.

15. Itchy Skin

Itchy skin, or pruritus, can be a surprising sign of certain blood cancers, particularly lymphomas. This symptom occurs when cancer cells release substances—such as cytokines or bile salts—that irritate nerve endings in the skin. The itching may be widespread or localized, and can be especially troublesome at night or after a warm shower.

Unlike the itchiness caused by eczema, allergies, or dry skin—which is often accompanied by visible rashes, redness, or flaky patches—itching related to blood cancer frequently occurs without any obvious skin changes. It may persist despite moisturizers or antihistamines and can significantly impact quality of life.

If you experience ongoing, unexplained itching that does not improve with usual skin care or allergy treatments, and especially if it’s accompanied by other symptoms like night sweats, weight loss, or swollen lymph nodes, it’s important to take note.
Persistent, severe itchiness without a clear cause should prompt a conversation with your healthcare provider. Early evaluation can help distinguish between benign skin issues and more serious underlying conditions such as blood cancers.

16. Headaches

Frequent or persistent headaches can sometimes be linked to blood cancers, often as a result of anemia or abnormal blood thickening. When red blood cell counts are low, the brain receives less oxygen, which can trigger dull, throbbing headaches. In other cases, certain blood cancers cause the blood to become thicker than normal, making it harder for oxygen to flow freely to the brain and resulting in similar symptoms. These headaches may be more pronounced upon waking or after physical activity.

It’s important to distinguish these headaches from common tension or stress headaches. While tension headaches usually improve with rest, hydration, or over-the-counter pain relief, headaches related to blood cancer tend to occur more frequently and may not respond to typical remedies. They can be accompanied by dizziness, fatigue, or visual changes.

If you notice recurring headaches that are resistant to usual treatments, or if they occur in combination with other symptoms such as paleness, fatigue, or shortness of breath, it’s wise to seek medical advice.
Careful tracking of headache patterns and associated symptoms can help your healthcare provider identify the underlying cause and ensure prompt diagnosis.

17. Dizziness or Lightheadedness

Dizziness or lightheadedness is another symptom that can be associated with blood cancers, often due to low red blood cell counts (anemia) or low blood pressure. When the blood cannot deliver enough oxygen to the brain, you may feel unsteady, faint, or even experience brief moments of blurred vision. This sensation may worsen when you stand up quickly or exert yourself.

While dehydration, skipping meals, or standing up too fast are common and usually harmless causes of dizziness, the dizziness linked to blood cancers is typically more frequent, persistent, and not relieved with fluids or rest. It may also be accompanied by other symptoms such as paleness, headaches, or shortness of breath, further indicating an underlying problem with blood or circulation.

Pay close attention if you experience repeated or severe episodes of dizziness or lightheadedness, especially if they occur without an obvious cause or interfere with daily activities.
Discuss these symptoms with your healthcare provider, particularly if they are accompanied by other unexplained signs. Early evaluation can help identify blood-related conditions and lead to appropriate intervention before complications develop.

18. Chest Pain

Chest pain is an uncommon but serious symptom that can sometimes occur in people with blood cancers. This pain may arise if blood clots develop and block blood flow to the lungs or heart, or when severe anemia deprives the heart muscle of the oxygen it needs. The discomfort can range from a dull ache or pressure to sharp, stabbing pains, and may be accompanied by shortness of breath, dizziness, or palpitations.

Unlike chest pain caused by heartburn or indigestion—which is often linked to meals and relieved by antacids—chest pain related to blood disorders is more likely to be persistent, unrelated to eating, and may worsen with exertion. It can also develop suddenly and without warning, making it difficult to pinpoint a clear cause.

If you experience unexplained chest pain, especially if it is severe, sudden, or accompanied by symptoms such as breathlessness, sweating, or fainting, seek emergency medical attention right away.
Chest pain should never be ignored, as it could signal a life-threatening issue—whether related to blood cancer, heart disease, or another serious condition. Prompt evaluation can be lifesaving.

19. Slow Healing Wounds

Slow healing wounds are another warning sign that may be linked to blood cancers. These cancers can impair the production and function of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets—each essential for tissue repair, fighting infection, and proper clotting. When any of these blood components are deficient or dysfunctional, even minor cuts, scrapes, or sores can take much longer to heal.

It’s important to note that slow wound healing can also occur in conditions like diabetes, where poor circulation and high blood sugar hinder recovery. However, with blood cancer, the delay is more often due to a direct impact on the blood’s ability to support tissue repair and protect against infection, rather than just poor blood flow.

Pay attention if you observe small wounds, bruises, or mouth sores that linger for weeks or seem to worsen instead of improving.
Keep a record of how long it takes for injuries to heal and mention any persistent or recurring wounds during medical appointments. Unusual delays in healing deserve prompt evaluation, as they could point to an underlying blood disorder or cancer requiring timely intervention.

20. Recurrent Mouth Sores

Recurrent mouth sores are another symptom that may signal an underlying blood cancer. When blood cancers suppress the production or function of white blood cells, the body’s ability to fend off infections and heal minor injuries is compromised. This makes the delicate tissues inside the mouth more vulnerable to persistent or frequently recurring ulcers and sores.

While most people occasionally experience canker sores—small, round, and painful ulcers that usually heal within a week or two—mouth sores related to blood cancer tend to last longer, recur more often, and may be accompanied by other signs like bleeding gums, paleness, or fatigue. These sores can occur anywhere inside the mouth, including the tongue, gums, inner cheeks, or roof of the mouth, and may cause difficulties with eating or speaking.

If you notice mouth ulcers that take an unusually long time to heal, or if you develop new sores regularly without clear triggers such as biting your cheek or eating acidic foods, it’s essential to discuss these symptoms with your healthcare provider.
Persistent or recurrent mouth pain should not be ignored, as it could indicate a weakened immune system due to an underlying blood disorder or cancer.

21. Gum Swelling or Bleeding

Gum swelling or bleeding can be a distinctive sign of certain blood cancers, particularly leukemia. Leukemia cells can invade the gum tissue, leading to inflammation, swelling, and an increased tendency for the gums to bleed—even with gentle brushing or flossing. This type of gum problem is often persistent and not easily relieved with regular dental care.

It’s important to distinguish these changes from gingivitis or gum disease, which are usually caused by poor oral hygiene and the buildup of plaque. Gingivitis generally improves with better brushing and flossing habits. In contrast, gum symptoms related to blood cancer persist despite good oral care and may occur alongside other signs such as paleness, fatigue, or frequent mouth sores.

If you notice unexplained gum swelling, bleeding, or discomfort that does not improve with routine dental hygiene, it’s essential to see both your dentist and healthcare provider for evaluation.
Prompt dental checks and medical assessment are crucial for identifying the cause of persistent gum changes, as early intervention can make a significant difference if a blood disorder or cancer is the underlying cause.

22. Abdominal Pain

Abdominal pain can be a sign of blood cancers when organs such as the liver or spleen become enlarged due to the buildup of abnormal blood cells. This enlargement stretches the organ’s capsule, leading to a dull, persistent pain or discomfort in the upper left or right side of the abdomen. The pain may worsen after eating or when lying on your side and can be accompanied by sensations of fullness or swelling.

Unlike typical indigestion or digestive upset—which is often linked to meals, stress, or certain foods and tends to subside with over-the-counter remedies—abdominal pain caused by blood cancer is more prolonged, less predictable, and doesn’t resolve with standard treatments. It may come with other warning signs like unintended weight loss, fever, or fatigue.

If you experience ongoing or recurring abdominal discomfort, especially if it’s associated with feelings of fullness or swelling that doesn’t improve, it’s important to consult your healthcare provider.
Persistent abdominal pain always warrants medical evaluation, as early investigation can identify serious underlying causes such as organ enlargement due to blood cancers.

23. Back Pain

Back pain—particularly in the lower back—can sometimes indicate blood cancers that affect the bone marrow, such as leukemia or multiple myeloma. As abnormal blood cells build up within the marrow, they can cause inflammation and pressure inside the bones of the spine or pelvis, leading to chronic aches or a deep, persistent pain. This discomfort is often centralized in the lower back and may worsen over time.

It’s important to distinguish this type of pain from common muscle strains or injuries. Muscle-related back pain usually follows physical activity, awkward lifting, or prolonged sitting and tends to improve with rest, stretching, or heat therapy. In contrast, back pain caused by bone marrow involvement is less likely to respond to these measures and may be accompanied by other symptoms such as fatigue, bone tenderness, or unexplained weight loss.

If you notice persistent lower back pain that does not improve with typical self-care or that gradually worsens without a clear cause, it’s important to mention this to your healthcare provider.
Ongoing, unexplained back pain should always be evaluated, as it could be an early sign of a serious underlying condition like blood cancer.

24. Numbness or Tingling

Numbness or tingling sensations, often described as “pins and needles,” can sometimes develop in people with blood cancers. This occurs when swollen organs or tumors press on nearby nerves, disrupting normal nerve signals. In some cases, abnormal cells may even invade nerve tissues directly, leading to altered sensation in the hands, feet, arms, or legs.

It’s important to distinguish these symptoms from those of conditions like carpal tunnel syndrome or repetitive strain injuries, which are typically limited to specific areas and follow certain patterns, such as numbness in the thumb and first two fingers after repetitive wrist use. Numbness or tingling from blood cancers can be more widespread, persistent, and may not be linked to activity or posture. There may also be accompanying symptoms such as weakness, difficulty walking, or back pain.

If you notice ongoing or unexplained numbness or tingling that doesn’t resolve with rest or position changes, keep a record of the affected areas and the frequency of symptoms.
Persistent or progressive sensory changes should always prompt a medical evaluation, as they may indicate nerve compression or infiltration due to blood cancer or another serious condition.

25. Difficulty Breathing

Difficulty breathing, or severe breathlessness, can be a serious symptom in people with blood cancers. This may arise when anemia becomes severe and the blood’s ability to carry oxygen is drastically reduced, or when cancer cells cause fluid to build up around the lungs (a condition called pleural effusion). Both scenarios can lead to a sensation of suffocation or chest tightness, even while at rest.

It’s important to differentiate this from asthma or allergies, where breathing trouble is usually triggered by specific exposures and often improves with inhalers or allergy medications. Breathlessness caused by blood cancers tends to be persistent, may worsen over time, and doesn’t always respond to standard treatments. Other signs may include rapid breathing, blue-tinged lips, or a racing heart.

If you or someone you know experiences sudden, severe, or unexplained difficulty breathing, seek urgent medical attention.
Rapid-onset or worsening breathlessness is a medical emergency and could signal a life-threatening complication, whether related to blood cancer, infection, or a heart or lung issue. Immediate evaluation is essential for safety and effective treatment.

26. Persistent Cough

A persistent cough can be an overlooked symptom of blood cancers, particularly when abnormal cells collect in or around the lungs or lymph nodes within the chest. This buildup can cause irritation and inflammation, resulting in a cough that lingers for weeks or even months. Unlike a cough from a common cold or respiratory infection, which typically improves within one to two weeks, a cancer-related cough is more stubborn and may not be relieved by over-the-counter remedies.

It’s important to recognize the difference between a lingering cough from blood cancer and those caused by seasonal allergies, colds, or bronchitis. Coughs related to blood cancers are usually dry, persistent, and may be accompanied by other symptoms like shortness of breath, chest discomfort, or hoarseness. In some cases, the cough may even produce blood-tinged sputum.

If you notice a cough that lasts more than three weeks or is getting worse over time, it’s crucial to bring this to your healthcare provider’s attention.
Persistent, unexplained coughing requires medical evaluation, as it may signal an underlying problem such as blood cancer or another serious lung or chest condition.

27. Skin Rashes

Skin rashes can sometimes be a visible clue to an underlying blood cancer, particularly in conditions like leukemia or lymphoma. These cancers may cause abnormal cells to accumulate in blood vessels near the skin, or trigger immune system reactions that result in unusual rashes or patches. Rashes may appear as flat or raised red spots, purple patches, or even small lumps under the skin.

It’s important to distinguish cancer-related rashes from those caused by allergies, eczema, or contact with irritants. Allergic rashes usually itch intensely, appear suddenly after exposure to a known trigger, and generally improve with antihistamines or avoidance of the irritant. In contrast, rashes linked to blood cancers may persist despite treatment, lack a clear cause, and may not be itchy at all.

If you notice new, unexplained skin changes that don’t resolve within a couple of weeks, or are accompanied by other symptoms like bruising, petechiae, or swollen lymph nodes, it’s important to seek medical advice.
Persistent or unusual rashes deserve careful evaluation, as they could provide an early warning of blood cancer or another systemic disease.

28. Enlarged Spleen

An enlarged spleen, or splenomegaly, is a symptom that can develop in several blood cancers, including leukemia and lymphoma. The spleen is responsible for filtering blood and fighting infection, but when cancerous blood cells accumulate, it can swell and become tender. This enlargement may go unnoticed at first but can eventually cause a visible or palpable bulge under the left rib cage.

While infections such as mononucleosis can also cause temporary spleen swelling, splenomegaly related to blood cancers is usually persistent and may worsen over time. A key sign is experiencing a sensation of fullness or discomfort in the upper left abdomen, especially after eating small meals. This is because the enlarged spleen presses against the stomach, limiting its capacity.

If you notice unusual fullness, pain, or a lump under your left ribs—particularly if you do not feel hungry or get full quickly, it’s important to consult your healthcare provider.
Persistent spleen enlargement should always be evaluated thoroughly, as it may indicate an underlying blood cancer or another serious condition requiring prompt medical attention.

29. Bone Fractures

Bone fractures that occur with little or no trauma can be a warning sign of blood cancers such as multiple myeloma. In this condition, cancerous plasma cells accumulate in the bone marrow and release substances that weaken the bones, making them more brittle and prone to breaking. These pathological fractures can happen during routine activities, such as bending, lifting, or even coughing.

This differs significantly from the typical fractures most people experience, which are usually the result of a direct injury or significant trauma, like a fall or sports accident. When bones break easily or unexpectedly, it suggests an underlying problem with bone strength or structure. Other associated symptoms may include persistent bone pain, tenderness, or a noticeable decrease in mobility.

If you or a loved one experiences bone fractures from seemingly minor incidents, or if multiple fractures occur over a short period without obvious cause, it is essential to speak with a healthcare provider.
Unexplained fractures should always prompt a thorough evaluation, as they may signal underlying bone disease related to blood cancer or other metabolic disorders.

30. Swelling in Arms or Legs

Swelling in the arms or legs—also known as lymphedema—can sometimes result from blood cancers, especially lymphomas. When cancer cells block or compress lymphatic vessels, lymph fluid cannot drain properly, causing a buildup in the affected limb. This swelling is often persistent, may feel heavy or tight, and can be accompanied by discomfort or a decreased range of motion.

It’s important to differentiate this kind of swelling from that caused by injury, such as a sprained ankle or muscle strain, which is typically localized, improves with rest and elevation, and is often accompanied by bruising or pain at the site of trauma. Cancer-related swelling tends to be more diffuse, harder, and less responsive to standard remedies. In some cases, the skin over the swollen area may appear stretched or shiny.

If you notice persistent, unexplained swelling in an arm or leg that does not resolve with usual care or is associated with other symptoms like lumps or recurrent infections, consult your healthcare provider.
Chronic limb swelling warrants prompt investigation to rule out blood cancer or other conditions affecting the lymphatic or circulatory systems.

31. Recurrent Nosebleeds

Recurrent nosebleeds can be a notable symptom of blood cancers due to disruptions in platelet production or function. Platelets are responsible for helping blood clot, and when their numbers are low or they are not working properly, even minor irritation of the nasal passages can trigger bleeding. Nosebleeds linked to blood cancers are often more frequent, harder to stop, and may occur with little provocation.

This is different from the occasional nosebleeds many people experience during dry weather or after blowing their nose too forcefully. Dry air nosebleeds are usually isolated events and tend to stop quickly with simple first aid. In contrast, nosebleeds caused by blood cancers may last longer, happen repeatedly, and can be accompanied by other signs such as bruising or bleeding gums.

If you find yourself having nosebleeds several times a week or month, or if the bleeding is unusually heavy or persistent, it’s important to keep track of these episodes and discuss them with your healthcare provider.
Frequent or unexplained nosebleeds should never be ignored, as they may indicate a serious underlying problem with blood cell function or clotting.

32. Blood in Urine or Stool

Blood in the urine or stool can sometimes be a sign of a bleeding tendency caused by blood cancers. When platelet counts are low or clotting factors are impaired, the body becomes more vulnerable to spontaneous bleeding—even in areas not usually prone to injury. This can lead to visible red or pink urine (hematuria) or black, tarry, or bright red stools (melena or hematochezia).

While blood in the stool can also be caused by relatively benign conditions such as hemorrhoids or minor anal fissures, bleeding from blood cancers tends to be more persistent, substantial, and may occur without straining or obvious trauma. Similarly, blood in the urine is unlikely to be due to a urinary tract infection or kidney stone if it occurs repeatedly or in large amounts, especially when accompanied by other symptoms like bruising or fatigue.

If you notice unexplained blood in your urine or stool, even if it is only occasional or minor, consult your healthcare provider as soon as possible.
Prompt evaluation is essential to determine the cause and rule out serious conditions like blood cancers or other disorders affecting clotting and blood vessels.

33. Difficulty Swallowing

Difficulty swallowing, also known as dysphagia, can occasionally be a symptom of blood cancers, particularly lymphomas. This happens when swollen lymph nodes in the neck or chest, or enlarged organs, press on the esophagus or throat, creating a sensation of tightness or obstruction. The pressure may make it challenging to swallow solid foods, and in severe cases, even liquids.

This is different from the discomfort of a sore throat, which is usually caused by infection, irritation, or allergies and tends to resolve within a few days with standard treatments. Swallowing difficulties related to blood cancers are typically persistent, may worsen over time, and are often not accompanied by pain or signs of infection like redness or fever.

If you experience ongoing trouble swallowing, a sensation of food sticking in your throat, or unexplained hoarseness, it’s important to seek medical attention.
Persistent or worsening swallowing problems should always be evaluated promptly, as they may indicate pressure from swollen glands or tumors associated with blood cancers or other serious conditions.

34. Blurred Vision

Blurred vision can sometimes develop in people with blood cancers due to several mechanisms. Abnormal blood cells or proteins may cause the blood to become thicker (hyperviscosity), which reduces blood flow to the tiny vessels in the eyes. Alternatively, cancer cells may infiltrate the eye tissues themselves, or bleeding inside the eye may occur due to low platelet counts. These changes can result in episodes of blurred or distorted vision, seeing floaters, or even sudden vision loss.

This type of visual disturbance is different from the common eye strain experienced after prolonged screen use or reading, which typically resolves with rest or corrective lenses. Vision changes linked to blood cancer tend to be more sudden, persistent, or progressive, and may affect one or both eyes. They are often accompanied by other symptoms such as headaches, dizziness, or unexplained bruising.

If you notice sudden, persistent, or unexplained changes in your vision—such as blurriness, double vision, or loss of sight—it’s important to report these to your healthcare provider immediately.
Prompt evaluation is crucial to rule out serious causes, including blood cancers, and to prevent potential complications.

35. Confusion or Memory Changes

Confusion or noticeable memory changes can occur in people with blood cancers, especially when the disease causes severe anemia or disrupts normal blood chemistry. Low levels of oxygen delivered to the brain or metabolic imbalances—such as high calcium or abnormal proteins—can impair cognitive function. This may result in difficulty concentrating, forgetfulness, trouble finding words, or even disorientation and confusion.

It’s important to differentiate these symptoms from the mild forgetfulness that most people occasionally experience due to stress, aging, or distraction. Cognitive changes related to blood cancers tend to be more sudden, severe, or progressive and may appear alongside other symptoms like fatigue, headaches, or vision changes. Friends and family might notice personality shifts or an inability to follow conversations.

If you or someone you know develops rapid or unexplained changes in memory, thinking, or mental clarity, it’s crucial to seek prompt medical attention.
Sudden confusion or significant memory loss is never normal and should always be investigated to determine the underlying cause, such as blood cancer or another medical emergency.

36. Unexplained Sweating (Daytime)

Unexplained daytime sweating can be another subtle indicator of blood cancer. This type of sweating is not related to heat, physical activity, or emotional stress. Blood cancers, especially lymphomas, may trigger the release of inflammatory chemicals called cytokines, which can disrupt the body’s normal temperature regulation and result in spontaneous sweating, even in cool environments or while at rest.

It is important to distinguish this from sweating caused by exercise, warm weather, or anxiety, which is typically predictable and short-lived. Sweating linked to blood cancers often comes on suddenly, may be profuse, and isn’t relieved by changing your environment or activity level. In some cases, it may be accompanied by fever, fatigue, or unintended weight loss, further signaling an underlying health issue.

If you begin to notice new or excessive sweating during the day without an obvious cause, keep track of when and how often it occurs, and note any other associated symptoms.
Persistent, unexplained daytime sweating should be discussed with your healthcare provider, as it may warrant further investigation for blood cancers or other serious conditions.

37. Muscle Weakness

Muscle weakness can develop in people with blood cancers for several reasons. Anemia reduces the amount of oxygen reaching muscle tissues, while metabolic imbalances—such as abnormal calcium or potassium levels—can further disrupt muscle function. As a result, muscles may feel heavy, tired, or less responsive, even during simple activities like walking or lifting everyday objects.

This kind of weakness differs from the mild, temporary weakness that results from lack of exercise or prolonged inactivity. Blood cancer-related muscle weakness tends to be more generalized, persistent, and may worsen gradually over time. It often affects both sides of the body and can make routine tasks—such as climbing stairs, standing up from a chair, or carrying groceries—more difficult than usual.

If you notice new or worsening muscle weakness that isn’t explained by recent inactivity, illness, or overexertion, pay close attention to its progression and any accompanying symptoms like fatigue, numbness, or weight loss.
Persistent or unexplained weakness should always be reported to your healthcare provider, as it could signal an underlying blood cancer or other medical issue needing evaluation.

38. Recurrent Chills

Recurrent chills can be a subtle but significant sign of blood cancers. These chills are often the result of irregularities in the body’s immune response, where the presence of abnormal blood cells or cancer-related inflammation disrupts the body’s normal temperature regulation. Unlike chills from a cold or the flu—which usually coincide with a sudden fever, body aches, and resolve as the illness passes—chills associated with blood cancer can occur even in the absence of a fever and may happen repeatedly over days or weeks.

Chills from blood cancers are typically unpredictable and may come on suddenly, leaving you shivering or feeling uncomfortably cold without an obvious reason. They often accompany other symptoms like fatigue, night sweats, or unintended weight loss. This pattern is different from the temporary chills that follow exposure to cold weather or acute infections.

If you experience frequent or unexplained chills, especially those not linked to fever, illness, or environmental factors, keep a record of when they occur and any related symptoms.
Persistent, recurrent chills should be discussed with your healthcare provider, as they may be an early clue to blood cancers or other systemic illnesses.

39. Nausea or Vomiting

Nausea or vomiting can be a symptom of blood cancers, resulting from several possible causes. Enlargement of the liver or spleen can put pressure on the stomach and digestive tract, making you feel nauseated or full after only small amounts of food. Additionally, blood cancers can disrupt normal metabolism, leading to chemical imbalances—such as high calcium or abnormal electrolyte levels—that can trigger persistent nausea or bouts of vomiting.

This differs from nausea caused by food poisoning or stomach viruses, which is typically short-lived and resolves as the digestive system recovers. Nausea or vomiting due to blood cancers is more likely to be persistent, unexplained, and may occur alongside other symptoms such as unintended weight loss, night sweats, or abdominal pain.

If you notice ongoing nausea or frequent vomiting without a clear cause, especially if it lasts more than a few days or interferes with eating and daily life, it’s important to seek medical advice.
Persistent or unexplained digestive symptoms warrant evaluation, as they may point to blood cancer or another serious underlying condition needing prompt treatment.

40. Irregular Heartbeat

An irregular heartbeat, also known as arrhythmia or palpitations, can occur in people with blood cancers due to the effects of anemia. When there aren’t enough healthy red blood cells to carry oxygen, the heart must work harder to supply the body’s tissues. This extra strain can cause the heartbeat to become rapid, skipping, or pounding—sometimes even at rest or during light activity.

Unlike palpitations triggered by caffeine, stress, or excitement—which are typically brief and resolve quickly—irregular heart rhythms caused by anemia are more persistent and may be accompanied by other symptoms like shortness of breath, fatigue, chest discomfort, or dizziness. The sensation may feel like fluttering, racing, or a pause in the heartbeat and is often more noticeable when lying down or after exertion.

If you experience new or ongoing heart palpitations, skipped beats, or an irregular pulse—especially if these are associated with other warning signs, it’s important to monitor their frequency and discuss them with your healthcare provider.
Significant changes in heartbeat should never be ignored, as they could indicate anemia from blood cancer or another underlying heart or blood disorder requiring prompt attention.

41. Dark Circles Under Eyes

Dark circles under the eyes are a commonly overlooked sign that can be associated with blood cancers, particularly when anemia is present. Anemia reduces the number of healthy red blood cells, leading to less oxygen reaching the delicate skin under the eyes. This can make blood vessels more visible and give the skin a bluish or purplish tint, resulting in persistent dark circles.

Unlike dark circles caused by poor sleep, stress, or temporary fatigue—which tend to improve after rest or lifestyle changes—those related to anemia are often more pronounced and persistent, regardless of how much sleep you get. They may also appear in combination with other symptoms, such as paleness, fatigue, or shortness of breath, further pointing to an underlying blood issue.

If you start to notice persistent or worsening dark circles under your eyes that do not improve with better sleep or self-care, pay attention to any other changes in your health.
Consistent dark circles, especially when accompanied by other symptoms, should be discussed with your healthcare provider to rule out anemia or blood cancer as a potential cause.

42. Frequent Bloating

Frequent bloating can be an early sign of blood cancers when it results from underlying organ enlargement or fluid build-up in the abdomen (ascites). Cancerous cells can cause the liver or spleen to swell, or trigger fluid accumulation, both of which increase abdominal pressure and lead to a sensation of persistent fullness or tightness. This type of bloating may cause your clothes to feel tighter or make you appear visibly swollen in the midsection.

It’s important to distinguish this from common bloating due to certain foods, overeating, or indigestion, which typically subsides within a few hours or after a bowel movement. Bloating associated with blood cancers is more persistent, often lasting days or weeks, and may not improve with dietary changes or over-the-counter remedies. It may also be accompanied by loss of appetite, weight loss, or abdominal discomfort.

If you experience frequent or ongoing bloating that doesn’t resolve and is unrelated to food choices or digestion, keep track of how often it occurs and any other symptoms.
Persistent abdominal fullness or bloating should prompt a discussion with your healthcare provider, as it may signal organ enlargement or fluid build-up from a blood cancer or other serious cause.

43. Changes in Menstrual Cycle

Changes in the menstrual cycle can be a sign of underlying blood cancers, particularly when these changes involve unusually heavy, prolonged, or frequent periods. Blood cancers can disrupt the normal function of platelets and clotting factors, making it harder for the body to control bleeding. This can result in menstrual bleeding that is much heavier than usual, lasts significantly longer, or occurs more often than expected.

It’s important to differentiate these changes from menstrual irregularities caused by stress, hormonal fluctuations, or lifestyle changes, which are often temporary and resolve on their own. Menstrual changes linked to blood cancers are more persistent and may be accompanied by other signs of bleeding disorders, such as easy bruising or frequent nosebleeds. Women may also notice increased fatigue or develop anemia due to excessive blood loss.

If you experience unusually heavy, long-lasting, or frequent periods without a clear reason—or if your period pattern changes dramatically, keep a record of your symptoms and discuss them with your healthcare provider.
Significant or persistent menstrual changes should always be evaluated to rule out bleeding disorders or blood cancers.

44. Delayed Growth in Children

Delayed growth in children can sometimes signal an underlying blood cancer, such as leukemia. Blood cancers can interfere with the normal production of blood cells and the body’s ability to absorb nutrients, both of which are crucial for healthy development. Chronic illness, persistent fatigue, frequent infections, or long-term bleeding can all impact a child’s growth rate, leading to noticeable delays in height, weight, or puberty.

While some children naturally grow at a slower rate due to genetic factors—known as familial or constitutional short stature—growth delays caused by blood cancers are often accompanied by other concerning symptoms, such as recurrent infections, easy bruising, persistent fatigue, or pallor. The difference lies in the presence of additional warning signs and the progressive nature of the growth delay.

If you notice your child is not keeping up with peers in terms of growth, or if their growth seems to slow down suddenly, it’s important to schedule a pediatric checkup.
Monitoring growth charts and addressing any unexplained delays with a healthcare provider is essential to rule out serious conditions, including blood cancers, and to ensure children receive the support and treatment they need.

45. Persistent Hiccups

Persistent hiccups may seem like a minor nuisance, but in rare cases, they can signal an underlying issue such as blood cancer. Enlarged organs, like the liver or spleen, or tumors in the chest or abdomen, can irritate or put pressure on the diaphragm—the muscle that helps control breathing. This irritation can trigger frequent or long-lasting hiccups that don’t resolve with usual home remedies.

Most people experience occasional hiccups after eating too quickly, drinking carbonated beverages, or laughing. These episodes are usually brief and harmless, resolving within a few minutes. Hiccups associated with blood cancers, however, tend to be persistent—lasting for hours or even days—and may occur alongside other symptoms such as abdominal pain, swelling, or unexplained weight loss.

If you or a loved one develops hiccups that continue for more than 48 hours, or if they are accompanied by other new or concerning symptoms, it’s important to seek medical evaluation.
Persistent hiccups should not be ignored, as they may point to irritation of the diaphragm from an enlarged organ or mass related to blood cancer or another serious health condition.

46. Swelling Around the Eyes

Swelling around the eyes, known as periorbital edema, can sometimes be seen in individuals with blood cancers. This swelling occurs when the body retains fluid due to disrupted blood flow, impaired kidney function, or low protein levels—problems that can arise from certain blood cancers. The delicate tissue around the eyes is particularly susceptible, leading to puffiness or noticeable swelling, especially upon waking.

It’s important to distinguish this type of swelling from that caused by allergies, which is typically accompanied by redness, itching, watery eyes, or sneezing, and often improves with allergy medications or avoidance of allergens. Periorbital edema linked to blood cancers is usually persistent, may worsen over time, and is not associated with typical allergic symptoms. It may also coincide with swelling in other parts of the body, such as the ankles or hands.

If you notice ongoing or unexplained swelling around the eyes that doesn’t resolve with rest or allergy treatment, take note of its frequency and any additional symptoms.
Persistent periorbital edema should be brought to your healthcare provider’s attention, as it may signal fluid retention from blood cancer or another serious medical condition requiring evaluation.

47. Painful or Swollen Joints

Painful or swollen joints can sometimes occur in people with blood cancers due to the body’s immune response or direct infiltration of abnormal blood cells into the joint spaces. This inflammation can cause tenderness, stiffness, or visible swelling, often affecting larger joints such as the knees, ankles, or elbows. The discomfort may be constant or worsen with movement, and can interfere with daily activities.

It’s important to distinguish these symptoms from those of common arthritis, which typically develop gradually and may follow a pattern that worsens with age or repetitive use. Joint pain related to blood cancers may appear suddenly, affect multiple joints, and is often accompanied by other systemic signs—such as fatigue, fever, or unexplained bruising. Unlike typical arthritis, it may not respond well to over-the-counter pain relief or anti-inflammatory medications.

If you experience new, persistent, or worsening joint pain and swelling without a clear cause—especially if it comes with other unexplained symptoms, it’s wise to keep a record and discuss these changes with your healthcare provider.
Early evaluation is crucial to distinguish between ordinary joint conditions and more serious causes like blood cancer.

48. Frequent Urination

Frequent urination can sometimes be a result of blood cancers, especially when these cancers affect kidney function or disrupt the body’s fluid and electrolyte balance. Blood cancers such as multiple myeloma can impair the kidneys’ ability to filter waste, leading to increased urine production as the body tries to remove abnormal proteins or excess calcium. This may cause you to wake up several times during the night or feel the urge to urinate more often during the day.

It’s important to differentiate this symptom from common causes like diabetes, which is usually accompanied by excessive thirst and high blood sugar levels, or urinary tract infections, which often cause pain or burning. Frequent urination due to blood cancers tends to be persistent, may occur even without increased fluid intake, and can be associated with other symptoms such as fatigue, swelling, or changes in urine color.

If you notice new or ongoing changes in your urination patterns, especially if you are urinating much more frequently than usual without clear cause, keep track of how often it occurs and any additional symptoms.
Persistent changes in urination should be evaluated by your healthcare provider to rule out kidney problems from blood cancer or other serious conditions.

49. Increased Thirst

Increased thirst can be a significant but often overlooked symptom of blood cancers, particularly when high calcium levels (hypercalcemia) or kidney dysfunction are involved. Some blood cancers, such as multiple myeloma or lymphoma, can cause calcium to leach from bones into the bloodstream, leading to excessive thirst as the body attempts to flush out the extra mineral. Kidney problems caused by abnormal proteins or cell buildup can also impair the body’s ability to concentrate urine, resulting in dehydration and increased thirst.

This kind of thirst is different from what you might feel after a workout, on a hot day, or following a salty meal—situations where the need for water is clear and drinking relieves the sensation. Thirst associated with blood cancers is often persistent, unquenchable, and not obviously linked to activity, weather, or diet. It may also be accompanied by frequent urination, fatigue, or other signs of metabolic imbalance.

If you find yourself constantly thirsty despite drinking plenty of fluids, or if thirst is accompanied by other unusual symptoms, it’s important to mention this to your healthcare provider.
Unrelenting or unexplained thirst should always be investigated to rule out blood cancer, metabolic issues, or kidney disease.

50. Early Diagnosis and Screening

Early diagnosis and screening play a critical role in improving outcomes for individuals with blood cancers. Recognizing subtle symptoms and seeking medical attention promptly can lead to earlier detection, more effective treatment, and better quality of life. Many blood cancers progress silently, so vigilance and awareness of warning signs are essential.

Several tests are available to help identify blood cancers in their early stages. The complete blood count (CBC) is a simple and widely used blood test that measures red and white blood cells, as well as platelets. Abnormal results can be a first clue to underlying blood disorders. Additional diagnostic tools include blood chemistry panels, bone marrow biopsies, flow cytometry, and imaging studies.

If you or a loved one are experiencing persistent, unexplained symptoms, talk to your healthcare provider about appropriate screening tests.
For more information on early detection, risk factors, and available resources, visit the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society.
Taking action at the first sign of trouble can make a life-saving difference, and support is available to guide you through every step of the screening and diagnosis process.

Conclusion

Recognizing the early signs and symptoms of blood cancer is crucial for timely intervention and improved outcomes. Many of these symptoms—such as persistent fatigue, unexplained bruising, or ongoing infections—may seem minor at first, but they can be early warning signals of a serious underlying problem.
If you notice any persistent or unusual changes in your health, don’t ignore them. Timely consultation with a healthcare provider, regular checkups, and routine blood tests like the CBC can make a critical difference in early detection and successful treatment.

Stay informed, advocate for yourself, and encourage loved ones to do the same. Early action truly saves lives.