Surprising Risk Factors for Developing Sepsis

1. Untreated Dental Infections

While many people associate sepsis with severe pneumonia or urinary tract infections, dental health is often overlooked as a significant risk factor. Untreated dental abscesses, advanced tooth decay, or gum disease such as periodontitis can allow harmful bacteria to enter the bloodstream, a process known as bacteremia. This can trigger a systemic inflammatory response, especially in individuals with weakened immune systems. Studies reported by the National Institutes of Health indicate that oral infections, though less recognized, can be just as dangerous as more common sources of sepsis.

Maintaining good oral hygiene—such as daily brushing, flossing, and regular dental checkups—greatly reduces the risk of infection. Warning signs of dental infections include persistent toothache, swollen or bleeding gums, pus, fever, and facial swelling. If left unresolved, these infections can rapidly escalate, underscoring the importance of prompt dental care. Individuals with pre-existing conditions such as diabetes or heart disease should be especially vigilant, as they are at higher risk for complications. For more information on oral infections and their systemic impact, visit the American Dental Association.

2. Minor Skin Injuries

Even seemingly insignificant skin injuries—such as small cuts, scrapes, or insect bites—can become gateways for bacteria to enter the body and potentially lead to sepsis. While most minor wounds heal without complication, certain bacteria, notably Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus, can exploit these breaches in the skin’s defense, sometimes resulting in rapid and severe infections. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has documented cases where minor injuries, especially in vulnerable individuals, escalated to life-threatening sepsis within days.

Proper wound care is essential in reducing this risk. Clean any break in the skin promptly with mild soap and water, apply an antibiotic ointment, and protect the area with a sterile bandage. Monitor for signs of infection, such as increasing redness, swelling, warmth, pain, or pus. If these symptoms develop or if a fever occurs, seek medical attention immediately. Individuals with diabetes, compromised immune systems, or chronic illnesses should be especially cautious, as their wounds are more prone to infection and complications. For more detailed instructions on wound care and infection prevention, visit the American Academy of Dermatology.

3. Chronic Use of Steroids

Long-term use of corticosteroids, commonly prescribed for conditions such as asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, or lupus, is a significant but often underestimated risk factor for developing sepsis. Corticosteroids suppress the body’s immune response, decreasing inflammation but also impairing the ability to fight off bacterial, viral, and fungal infections. According to the National Institutes of Health, chronic steroid users are at notably higher risk for serious and opportunistic infections, which can quickly escalate to sepsis if not identified and treated promptly.

Patients undergoing corticosteroid therapy should be vigilant for early signs of infection—such as unexplained fever, persistent cough, painful urination, or unusual fatigue. Regular monitoring and communication with healthcare providers are crucial, as symptoms of infection may be atypical or masked due to the immunosuppressive effects of steroids. Healthcare professionals may recommend routine blood tests and emphasize the importance of good hygiene and up-to-date vaccinations. If infection is suspected, prompt medical evaluation is essential to prevent complications like sepsis. For further information on the risks associated with steroid therapy and infection prevention, consult the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

4. Recent Viral Infections (e.g., Influenza, COVID-19)

Recovering from viral infections such as influenza or COVID-19 can temporarily weaken the body’s immune defenses, leaving individuals more susceptible to secondary bacterial infections that may lead to sepsis. Viruses can damage respiratory tract lining or impair immune cell function, creating opportunities for bacteria to invade and proliferate. According to research by the National Institutes of Health, secondary bacterial pneumonia post-influenza and COVID-19 has been a significant driver of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients.

During recovery from any viral illness, it is essential to remain vigilant for signs that suggest a bacterial infection may be developing, such as a return of fever, chest pain, difficulty breathing, confusion, or a sudden worsening of symptoms. Promptly seeking medical care for these warning signs can be lifesaving. Individuals with chronic diseases, the elderly, and those with compromised immune systems should take extra precautions and consider preventive measures like annual influenza vaccinations. For more information on the risks of secondary infections following viral illnesses, visit the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

5. Use of Urinary Catheters

The use of urinary catheters, although sometimes medically necessary, significantly increases the risk of developing urinary tract infections (UTIs) that can progress to sepsis. Catheters provide a direct pathway for bacteria to enter the bladder and urinary tract, often resulting in catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CAUTIs are among the most common healthcare-associated infections, with a notable risk of leading to life-threatening complications like sepsis, especially in elderly or immunocompromised patients.

Proper catheter care is crucial in minimizing these risks. Healthcare professionals recommend maintaining a closed drainage system, ensuring the catheter and surrounding area are kept clean, and avoiding unnecessary catheter use or prolonged placement. Regularly washing hands before handling the catheter and promptly reporting any discomfort or changes is essential. Warning signs of infection include fever, lower abdominal pain, cloudy or foul-smelling urine, and confusion—particularly in older adults. Early recognition and intervention are vital. For comprehensive guidelines on catheter care and prevention of infections, refer to the CDC’s CAUTI prevention resources.

6. Malnutrition

Malnutrition, whether due to inadequate caloric intake or deficiencies in essential nutrients, significantly compromises the body’s immune response and increases vulnerability to infections that can lead to sepsis. Without sufficient protein, vitamins, and minerals, the immune system struggles to produce the necessary cells and antibodies to fight off pathogens. Studies from the National Institutes of Health indicate that malnourished individuals, especially children and the elderly, experience higher rates of severe infections and sepsis compared to well-nourished populations.

The impact of malnutrition extends beyond weakened immunity; it also impairs wound healing and can exacerbate chronic illnesses, further increasing infection risks. Common signs of malnutrition to watch for include unexplained weight loss, muscle wasting, persistent fatigue, hair loss, and frequent infections. Recognizing these warning signs early is crucial, particularly in hospitalized patients, nursing home residents, or those with chronic conditions such as cancer or gastrointestinal disorders. Interventions may involve dietary modifications, nutritional supplements, or consultation with a registered dietitian. For more information on how nutrition affects immune health and infection risk, visit the World Health Organization’s malnutrition resource.

7. Chronic Alcohol Use

Chronic alcohol consumption is a significant and often overlooked risk factor for sepsis. Alcohol impairs both the innate and adaptive immune systems, weakening the body’s ability to recognize and combat infections. It disrupts the function of immune cells, damages the lining of the gut—allowing bacteria to enter the bloodstream—and reduces the effectiveness of the liver in filtering pathogens. According to research published by the National Institutes of Health, individuals with alcohol use disorder are up to three times more likely to develop sepsis and experience higher rates of organ dysfunction and mortality compared to non-drinkers.

The real-world consequences are profound: heavy drinkers are more susceptible to pneumonia, skin infections, and urinary tract infections, all of which can serve as gateways to sepsis. Warning signs of infection in people who drink heavily may be subtle, so it is vital to monitor for fever, confusion, rapid heartbeat, or unexplained weakness. Practicing moderation and seeking professional help for alcohol use disorders can greatly reduce sepsis risk. For more information on alcohol’s impact on immune health and infection risk, refer to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention resources.

8. Recent Surgery

Undergoing surgery, whether minor or major, inherently increases the risk of infection and sepsis due to the creation of surgical wounds, which can serve as direct entry points for bacteria. The risk is heightened in patients with underlying health conditions, prolonged surgical procedures, or inadequate wound care post-operatively. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, surgical site infections (SSIs) account for a significant proportion of healthcare-associated infections and are a leading cause of post-surgical sepsis.

Post-operative monitoring is crucial for early detection and intervention. Patients and caregivers should vigilantly observe the surgical site for redness, swelling, increased pain, warmth, pus, or an unpleasant odor—classic signs of infection. Systemic symptoms such as fever, chills, confusion, or rapid heartbeat may indicate that an infection is spreading. To minimize risk, follow all wound care instructions provided by healthcare professionals, keep the site clean and dry, and attend all scheduled follow-up appointments. Immediate medical attention is necessary if signs of infection develop. For more detailed guidance on post-surgical infection prevention and recognition, visit the American College of Surgeons.

9. Chronic Kidney Disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) significantly impairs immune system function, making individuals more susceptible to infections that can progress to sepsis. The kidneys play a vital role in filtering waste and maintaining immune balance; when kidney function declines, the body’s ability to fight pathogens diminishes. Nephrology studies, including data from the National Kidney Foundation, show that people with CKD are at a notably higher risk of developing severe infections and sepsis compared to the general population, particularly if undergoing dialysis or managing other chronic conditions.

CKD patients face frequent hospitalizations and invasive procedures, further increasing the risk of acquiring infections. Early signs of infection in this population may be subtle but can include fatigue, fever, malaise, decreased appetite, swelling, and confusion. Monitoring for these symptoms, especially after medical interventions or the onset of minor illnesses, is crucial. Preventive strategies include maintaining good hygiene, staying current with vaccinations, and communicating any health changes promptly to healthcare providers. For further resources on infection risks and management in kidney disease, visit the National Kidney Foundation’s infections and kidney disease page.

10. Living with Autoimmune Diseases

Autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and multiple sclerosis, cause the immune system to mistakenly attack healthy tissues. Both the disease process and common treatments—including immunosuppressive medications like corticosteroids, methotrexate, and biologics—lower the body’s ability to fight infections. Research published in the National Institutes of Health reveals that individuals with autoimmune diseases experience significantly higher rates of infection and sepsis compared to the general population, particularly during periods of active disease or intensified therapy.

Because typical signs of infection may be blunted or confused with autoimmune flare symptoms, it is essential for patients to vigilantly track any new or worsening issues, such as persistent fever, chills, unexplained pain, or fatigue. Proactive communication with healthcare providers is crucial; early intervention can prevent serious complications like sepsis. Preventive measures include up-to-date vaccinations, routine screening for infections, and immediate reporting of concerning symptoms. For more information about managing infection risks with autoimmune diseases, visit the American College of Rheumatology’s infection risk resource.

11. Advanced Age

Advanced age is one of the most significant risk factors for sepsis, largely due to the natural decline in immune system function known as immunosenescence. As people age, their bodies produce fewer immune cells and responses to infection are often slower and less effective. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, adults aged 65 and older account for nearly 65% of sepsis cases and experience the highest mortality rates from sepsis-related complications.

Seniors are also more likely to have underlying health conditions—such as diabetes, heart disease, or chronic lung disease—that compound their vulnerability to infections. Additional risk factors in older adults include frailty, decreased mobility, and frequent exposure to healthcare environments. Precautions for older adults should include maintaining up-to-date vaccinations, practicing good hygiene, promptly seeking medical care for signs of infection, and closely monitoring for symptoms such as confusion, rapid breathing, or unexplained weakness, which can signal early sepsis. Caregivers and family members should remain vigilant, as symptoms may be subtle or atypical. For more information on sepsis prevention and care in seniors, visit the National Institute on Aging.

12. Recent Childbirth

Recent childbirth, whether by vaginal delivery or cesarean section, poses specific infection risks that can lead to postpartum sepsis. During delivery, the body is exposed to bacteria through the birth canal, surgical incisions, or retained tissue, increasing the risk of uterine, wound, or urinary tract infections. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, infection is a leading cause of pregnancy-related deaths, with sepsis accounting for a significant proportion of severe maternal complications and fatalities.

Real-world examples highlight the seriousness of this risk: a report from the UK National Health Service details cases where new mothers developed sepsis from undiagnosed endometritis or surgical wound infections. Warning signs requiring urgent attention include persistent fever, chills, foul-smelling vaginal discharge, severe abdominal pain, rapid heartbeat, or confusion in the days or weeks following delivery. New mothers should not hesitate to seek immediate medical care if these symptoms arise, as early intervention is critical for survival. For additional information on postpartum infection prevention and symptom awareness, consult the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.

13. Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a well-established risk factor for both infections and sepsis due to its detrimental effects on the immune system and wound healing. Elevated blood glucose levels impair the function of immune cells, making it more difficult for the body to combat bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Diabetes also damages blood vessels and nerves, which slows the healing of wounds and increases the likelihood of infections becoming severe or spreading. Studies from the National Institutes of Health have shown that people with diabetes are at a higher risk of developing sepsis, particularly following skin, urinary tract, and respiratory infections.

Diabetics should be especially vigilant for warning signs of infection, which can include fever, redness or swelling around wounds, increased pain, unexplained fatigue, and changes in blood sugar control. Sepsis may present subtly in this population, so any new or worsening symptoms—such as confusion, rapid breathing, or a sudden drop in blood pressure—require immediate medical attention. Effective diabetes management, good hygiene, routine foot and skin checks, and timely medical care for infections are vital for minimizing sepsis risk. For more information on diabetes and infection risk, visit the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

14. Chronic Lung Disease

Chronic lung diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma, significantly increase the risk of respiratory infections that can progress to sepsis. These conditions compromise the normal defenses of the respiratory tract, making it easier for bacteria, viruses, and fungi to invade and cause pneumonia or bronchitis. According to the National Institutes of Health, individuals with COPD are particularly susceptible to severe infections, resulting in higher hospitalization and sepsis rates than the general population.

Effective monitoring of respiratory health is vital for those living with chronic lung disease. Patients should keep track of daily symptoms, such as increased coughing, changes in sputum color, shortness of breath, or wheezing. Any sudden or significant changes, especially fever, chest pain, or confusion, warrant prompt medical attention. Preventive measures include receiving recommended vaccinations (such as the pneumonia and influenza vaccines), adhering to prescribed inhaler regimens, avoiding tobacco smoke, and practicing good hand hygiene. Early intervention for respiratory infections is crucial to prevent complications like sepsis. For more information on managing chronic lung disease and infection risks, visit the American Lung Association.

15. Intravenous Drug Use

Intravenous (IV) drug use is a major risk factor for sepsis, as it introduces bacteria and other pathogens directly into the bloodstream. Unsterile needles, contaminated drug solutions, and improper injection techniques can rapidly lead to severe infections such as bacteremia, endocarditis, and abscesses. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, people who inject drugs are significantly more likely to develop life-threatening infections, with rates of sepsis and endocarditis (heart valve infection) many times higher than those in the general population.

Comparative studies have shown that IV drug users often present with more advanced infections and face greater health complications due to delayed care and co-existing conditions like hepatitis C or HIV. Harm reduction strategies are essential to reduce the risk of infection and sepsis: using sterile needles and syringes, never sharing injection equipment, accessing supervised injection services, and seeking prompt medical attention for any signs of infection or fever. Community-based programs and needle exchange initiatives can also help minimize risks. For more information on preventing infections related to IV drug use, visit the National Harm Reduction Coalition.

16. Living in Long-Term Care Facilities

Residents of long-term care facilities, such as nursing homes and assisted living centers, face a heightened risk of developing sepsis due to increased exposure to healthcare-associated infections. Shared living spaces, frequent medical interventions, and the presence of chronic illnesses or advanced age amplify susceptibility to infections like urinary tract infections, pneumonia, and skin ulcers—all common precursors to sepsis. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, infection rates in long-term care residents are significantly higher compared to those living independently, contributing to substantial morbidity and mortality in these settings.

Preventing infection in long-term care facilities requires coordinated efforts. Key strategies include rigorous hand hygiene for both staff and residents, prompt wound care, regular cleaning of communal areas, and timely removal or replacement of medical devices such as catheters. Vaccination against influenza and pneumonia is also crucial. Residents and family members should be vigilant for early signs of infection—such as fever, confusion, or sudden decline in function—and report concerns immediately. For a comprehensive guide on infection prevention in long-term care settings, visit the CDC’s infection control guidelines for long-term care.

17. Recent Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy, a cornerstone of cancer treatment, significantly compromises the body’s immune defenses by reducing the number and effectiveness of white blood cells, particularly neutrophils. This condition, known as neutropenia, leaves patients highly vulnerable to infections that can quickly escalate to sepsis. Numerous studies, including those compiled by the National Cancer Institute, demonstrate that patients receiving chemotherapy are at a substantially increased risk for life-threatening infections and sepsis, most frequently during periods of lowest white blood cell counts.

It is critical for patients and caregivers to be aware of when to seek urgent medical attention during chemotherapy. Warning signs include fever (even low-grade), chills, sore throat, shortness of breath, confusion, or any rapidly worsening symptoms. Because immune responses may be blunted, even minor symptoms should not be ignored. Preventive strategies involve diligent hand hygiene, avoiding crowds or sick contacts, and monitoring for early signs of infection. Healthcare providers often recommend prophylactic antibiotics and regular blood tests to monitor cell counts. For detailed information on infection risks and management during chemotherapy, visit the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Preventing Infections in Cancer Patients resource.

18. Splenectomy (Removed Spleen)

The spleen plays a critical role in the immune system by filtering bacteria and producing antibodies that target specific pathogens, particularly encapsulated bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria meningitidis. Individuals who have undergone splenectomy (removal of the spleen) face a greatly increased risk of overwhelming infections and sepsis, a condition known as overwhelming post-splenectomy infection (OPSI). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the risk of fatal sepsis is much higher in asplenic individuals, especially within the first two years after surgery but remaining lifelong.

Preventive measures are essential for people without a spleen. Vaccination against pneumococcus, meningococcus, and Haemophilus influenzae type b is strongly recommended, along with annual influenza vaccination. Asplenic patients should seek immediate medical attention if they develop a fever or other signs of infection, as prompt initiation of antibiotics can be lifesaving. Wearing a medical alert bracelet and carrying information about their splenic status is also advised. For a comprehensive overview of infection prevention and emergency planning after splenectomy, visit the UpToDate patient education guide.

19. Obesity

Obesity is increasingly recognized as a significant risk factor for both infection and sepsis. Excess body weight alters immune responses by promoting chronic inflammation, impairing the function of immune cells, and disrupting hormone regulation. These changes weaken the body’s defenses against bacteria, viruses, and fungi, making infections more likely and more severe. According to research published by the National Institutes of Health, individuals with obesity have a higher incidence of sepsis, greater risk of hospitalization, and increased rates of complications compared to those with normal weight.

Obesity is also associated with comorbidities such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and impaired lung function, which further elevate infection risk. Data suggests that surgical wounds, urinary tract infections, and respiratory infections are more common and more dangerous in obese individuals. Lifestyle modifications—such as regular physical activity, a balanced diet, weight loss, and management of chronic diseases—can help reduce susceptibility to both infection and sepsis. Monitoring for early warning signs, including fever, swelling, and unexplained fatigue, is crucial. For more information on the link between obesity and infection risk, visit the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

20. Chronic Liver Disease

Chronic liver disease, including cirrhosis and hepatitis, severely compromises the body’s ability to defend against infections. The liver is essential for producing proteins that fight infection, clearing bacteria from the blood, and maintaining immune system balance. In patients with liver dysfunction, these protective mechanisms are impaired, leading to an increased risk of severe infections such as spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and bloodstream infections. According to the National Institutes of Health, individuals with cirrhosis are several times more likely to develop sepsis, and sepsis-related mortality is particularly high in this group.

Common symptoms of infection in chronic liver disease may be subtle or atypical, including confusion, fever, abdominal pain, swelling, or sudden worsening of jaundice. These symptoms warrant prompt medical evaluation, as delays can result in rapid progression to septic shock and organ failure. Preventive strategies include up-to-date vaccinations, good personal hygiene, and regular medical follow-up. Patients with ascites or other complications should be especially vigilant. For more information on infection and sepsis risks in chronic liver disease, visit the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Hepatitis C resource.

21. Indwelling Medical Devices (e.g., Pacemakers, Ports)

Indwelling medical devices such as pacemakers, central venous ports, prosthetic joints, and urinary stents play a vital role in modern healthcare but also present a persistent risk for infection and sepsis. These devices can serve as surfaces for bacteria to adhere to and form biofilms—communities of microbes that are resistant to antibiotics and immune responses. As a result, infections associated with indwelling devices are often more difficult to treat and can become chronic or recurrent. According to a review by the National Institutes of Health, individuals with implanted devices have significantly higher infection rates than those without, especially in the first months after implantation.

Prevention measures are crucial for reducing infection risk. These include strict adherence to sterile techniques during device placement, regular monitoring for signs of infection, proper site care, and patient education on recognizing warning signs such as redness, swelling, pain, drainage, or fever. Prompt evaluation and intervention at the first sign of infection can prevent progression to sepsis. For more comprehensive information on infection prevention for people with indwelling medical devices, refer to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s device-associated infection guidelines.

22. Immunosuppressive Medications (Non-Steroid)

Immunosuppressive medications—such as methotrexate, cyclosporine, azathioprine, and biologics—are commonly prescribed for autoimmune diseases and to prevent organ transplant rejection. While these drugs are essential for controlling abnormal immune activity, they also significantly dampen the body’s ability to fight off infections. According to a study published by the National Institutes of Health, patients taking non-steroidal immunosuppressants face a much higher risk of developing infections that can progress rapidly to sepsis, compared to the general population.

Because infections can present atypically or progress quickly in immunosuppressed individuals, vigilant infection surveillance is critical. Patients should monitor for early signs of infection—such as low-grade fever, sore throat, cough, urinary discomfort, or unexplained fatigue—and report them promptly to healthcare providers. Preventive strategies include regular hand hygiene, avoiding contact with sick individuals, up-to-date vaccinations, and routine medical checkups. Healthcare teams may also recommend periodic blood tests or screenings to detect infections early. For further information on infection risks and safety measures for those on immunosuppressive medication, visit the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s immunosuppression resource.

23. Frequent Hospital Admissions

Frequent hospital admissions significantly elevate the risk of acquiring hospital-associated infections, which are a leading cause of sepsis. Each admission exposes patients to a healthcare environment where multidrug-resistant bacteria, viruses, and fungi are more prevalent. Repeated procedures, the use of intravenous lines or catheters, and interactions with other patients further increase susceptibility. Studies from the National Institutes of Health report that patients with recurrent hospital stays have substantially higher rates of sepsis compared to those who are rarely or never hospitalized.

Preventing infection in the hospital setting requires a proactive approach. Patients and their families should practice rigorous hand hygiene, ask healthcare staff to do the same, and advocate for the timely removal of unnecessary medical devices. Monitoring for early signs of infection, such as fever, chills, cough, or pain at device sites, is vital. Patients should also communicate any concerns promptly to healthcare providers. Being informed, vigilant, and assertive can help reduce the risk of hospital-acquired infections and subsequent sepsis. For more information on hospital infection prevention and patient advocacy, visit the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s patient safety resources.

24. Chronic Heart Failure

Chronic heart failure not only affects the heart’s ability to pump blood efficiently but also impairs the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to vital organs, including those involved in immune defense. Reduced circulation leads to tissue hypoxia and can hamper the function of immune cells, making it more difficult for the body to fight infections. Research published by the National Institutes of Health links chronic heart failure to an increased incidence of infections and a significantly higher risk of sepsis, with affected patients experiencing worse outcomes and elevated mortality rates.

Patients with heart failure should be proactive in minimizing infection risk. Actionable tips include maintaining optimal fluid balance, adhering to prescribed medications, getting vaccinated against influenza and pneumonia, and practicing consistent hand hygiene. Monitoring for early signs of infection—such as fever, cough, shortness of breath, swelling, or confusion—is crucial. Promptly reporting new or worsening symptoms to healthcare providers can prevent complications. Regular follow-up appointments and open communication with the care team are also essential for managing both heart failure and infection risk. For further information and resources, visit the American Heart Association’s infection management page.

25. Homelessness

Homelessness is a profound risk factor for sepsis due to limited access to hygiene facilities, crowded living conditions, and significant barriers to timely healthcare. Individuals experiencing homelessness are more likely to develop skin infections, respiratory illnesses, and untreated wounds—each of which can serve as entry points for bacteria and lead to sepsis. Studies highlighted by the National Institutes of Health show that people without stable housing are not only at greater risk for severe infections but also experience worse outcomes, including higher rates of hospitalization, complications, and mortality.

Infection outcomes among the homeless population are often exacerbated by delayed presentation to medical care, coexisting mental health or substance use disorders, and chronic illnesses. Addressing this risk requires public health interventions focused on improving access to healthcare, providing safe shelter with sanitation facilities, and offering targeted outreach for vaccination and wound care. Community clinics and mobile medical units play a pivotal role in reaching this vulnerable group. For more information about public health strategies and resources for addressing homeless health risks, visit the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s homelessness resources.

26. Travel to Endemic Regions

Traveling to regions where certain infectious diseases are endemic can substantially increase the risk of sepsis due to exposure to uncommon pathogens. Travelers may encounter bacteria, viruses, or parasites not typically found in their home countries, such as Salmonella typhi (typhoid fever), Plasmodium species (malaria), or Leptospira (leptospirosis). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, imported infectious diseases are a frequent cause of severe illness and sepsis among international travelers, particularly those visiting rural or tropical areas.

Examples from travel medicine include cases of septicemia following malaria or typhoid fever acquired abroad, often complicated by delays in diagnosis and treatment upon return home. To reduce risk, travelers should consult with healthcare providers or travel clinics before departure to receive recommended vaccinations and guidance on malaria prophylaxis, food and water safety, and insect bite prevention. Basic precautions—such as drinking bottled or boiled water, using insect repellent, and practicing good hand hygiene—are crucial. Prompt medical care for fever or severe illness during or after travel is essential. For detailed travel health recommendations and region-specific risks, visit the CDC’s Traveler’s Health portal.

27. Chronic Skin Conditions (e.g., Eczema, Psoriasis)

Chronic skin conditions such as eczema and psoriasis are associated with persistent skin barrier disruption, which increases the risk of bacterial entry and subsequent infections that can progress to sepsis. The constant inflammation, cracking, and open lesions characteristic of these disorders create ideal conditions for pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus to colonize and invade. According to research published by the National Institutes of Health, individuals with chronic skin diseases are significantly more likely to develop serious skin infections and are at higher risk for complications, including sepsis, than those with healthy skin.

Comparative data indicate that skin infection rates are notably elevated in populations with eczema or psoriasis, particularly when the conditions are poorly managed or when secondary infections are common. Effective skincare is paramount in reducing these risks. Practical advice includes using gentle, fragrance-free cleansers and moisturizers, avoiding scratching, promptly treating flare-ups, and seeking medical care for any signs of infection such as redness, swelling, warmth, or pus. Consistent management with prescribed medications and regular dermatology follow-up can help maintain skin integrity and prevent complications. For more guidance, visit the American Academy of Dermatology’s eczema prevention page.

28. Poor Sanitation or Clean Water Access

Inadequate sanitation and lack of access to clean water are major contributors to bacterial infections and sepsis, particularly in low-resource settings. Contaminated water sources and improper waste disposal facilitate the spread of pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, and Salmonella, which can cause severe gastrointestinal and systemic infections. The World Health Organization reports that more than 829,000 people die each year from diseases directly attributable to unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene, with a significant proportion of these deaths resulting from sepsis and related complications.

Comparative studies reveal that infection and sepsis rates are disproportionately higher in communities lacking reliable clean water and sanitation infrastructure. The health burden is greatest among children, the elderly, and people with chronic illnesses. Addressing this risk requires coordinated public health efforts to improve water quality, provide sanitation facilities, and educate communities about hygiene practices such as handwashing and safe food preparation. Access to clean water is fundamental to infection prevention and reducing the global incidence of sepsis. For more information on the importance of water and sanitation in disease prevention, visit the UNICEF WASH (Water, Sanitation and Hygiene) page.

29. Having a Recent Organ Transplant

Organ transplant recipients face a heightened risk of sepsis due to the required use of powerful immunosuppressive medications that prevent organ rejection but also diminish the body’s defenses against infection. These drugs, including tacrolimus, mycophenolate, and cyclosporine, suppress the immune system’s ability to recognize and eliminate bacteria, viruses, and fungi. According to the National Institutes of Health, infection-related complications, including sepsis, are among the leading causes of illness and mortality in the first year following transplantation.

Statistics show that transplant recipients are several times more likely to develop severe infections and sepsis compared to the general population, particularly during periods of highest immunosuppression. Warning signs that demand immediate medical attention include persistent fever, chills, shortness of breath, confusion, rapid heartbeat, unexplained pain, or changes around the transplant site. Preventive measures include rigorous infection surveillance, adherence to prescribed medications, avoiding contact with sick individuals, and maintaining up-to-date vaccinations as advised by the transplant team. For more information about infection risks and post-transplant care, visit the Transplant Living infection resource.

30. Living with HIV/AIDS

Living with HIV/AIDS significantly increases the risk of sepsis due to the virus’s profound impact on the immune system. HIV targets and destroys CD4+ T cells, which are essential for coordinating the body’s defense against infections. As the immune system becomes progressively weakened, individuals with HIV/AIDS are far more susceptible to both common and opportunistic infections that can rapidly escalate to sepsis. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, people with HIV experience higher rates of severe infections and sepsis-related hospitalizations compared to HIV-negative individuals.

Regular monitoring of immune function through CD4 counts and viral load testing is vital for this population. Early detection and prompt medical treatment of infections are crucial, as symptoms of sepsis—such as fever, confusion, rapid heartbeat, or trouble breathing—can progress swiftly. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART), maintaining up-to-date vaccinations, and engaging in routine health checkups are essential strategies for reducing infection and sepsis risk. For more guidance on managing health and preventing infections with HIV/AIDS, visit the HIV.gov opportunistic infections resource.

31. Chronic Stress

Chronic stress, whether due to psychological strain, demanding work environments, or ongoing personal challenges, has a profound effect on the body’s immune function. Persistent elevation of stress hormones, such as cortisol and adrenaline, suppresses the immune response by inhibiting the production and activity of white blood cells and reducing the effectiveness of antibodies. This immune suppression increases vulnerability to infections that can progress to life-threatening sepsis. Research published by the National Institutes of Health shows that individuals experiencing prolonged high stress are more likely to have impaired wound healing, increased infection rates, and worse outcomes when sepsis does occur.

Comparative studies indicate that people with chronic stress or anxiety disorders have a higher incidence of severe infections and are slower to recover from illnesses. Effective stress management is therefore a critical component of infection prevention. Recommended strategies include regular physical activity, mindfulness meditation, adequate sleep, social support, and, when needed, professional counseling. Recognizing and addressing chronic stress can strengthen immune resilience and lower the risk of sepsis. For more information on the connection between stress and immune health, visit the American Psychological Association’s immune response resource.

32. Close Contact with Infected Individuals

Close contact with individuals who have contagious infections significantly increases the risk of transmission and subsequent sepsis, especially in shared living environments such as households, dormitories, military barracks, or care facilities. Bacteria and viruses can spread easily through respiratory droplets, contact with contaminated surfaces, or shared personal items. Outbreaks of invasive group A streptococcal infections and other severe illnesses have been reported in group settings, sometimes resulting in multiple cases of sepsis within a short period. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has documented such outbreaks in nursing homes and schools, underscoring the heightened risk in close-contact environments.

Infection control practices are essential to minimize transmission. These include frequent handwashing, disinfecting commonly touched surfaces, avoiding the sharing of personal items, and isolating sick individuals when possible. Prompt medical evaluation for fevers, sore throats, skin infections, or respiratory symptoms is vital to prevent the spread of infection and the development of sepsis. Education on hygiene and early warning signs should be reinforced in group settings. For more details on preventing infectious disease outbreaks in close-contact environments, visit the CDC’s community infection control resource.

33. Lack of Vaccination (e.g., Pneumococcal, Influenza)

Missing routine vaccinations, particularly against common respiratory and invasive bacteria, significantly increases the risk of developing severe infections that can progress to sepsis. Vaccines such as those for pneumococcus, influenza, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), and meningococcus protect against pathogens that are leading causes of life-threatening sepsis worldwide. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, unvaccinated individuals are far more likely to experience severe disease and sepsis following infections like pneumonia or influenza than those who are fully immunized.

Comparative studies consistently show that sepsis rates and related complications are markedly lower in vaccinated populations. For example, the introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine has led to dramatic declines in invasive pneumococcal disease and sepsis among children and adults. Keeping up to date with recommended immunizations not only protects individuals but also contributes to community-wide herd immunity, reducing the spread of dangerous pathogens. It is especially crucial for young children, older adults, and people with chronic health conditions to follow vaccination schedules. For comprehensive vaccination guidelines and the latest recommendations, visit the CDC’s Immunization Schedules.

34. Living in Overcrowded Housing

Overcrowded housing conditions significantly increase the risk of infectious disease transmission, which can lead to a higher incidence of severe infections and sepsis. In environments where many individuals share limited space, pathogens spread more easily through direct contact, airborne droplets, or contaminated surfaces. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, overcrowding is associated with outbreaks of respiratory infections, skin diseases, and gastrointestinal illnesses—all of which can escalate to sepsis, especially among vulnerable populations.

Public health reports document that outbreaks of invasive bacterial diseases, such as group A streptococcus and meningococcal infections, are more common in crowded settings, including shelters, dormitories, and multi-family homes. To reduce transmission risk, it is important to increase ventilation, encourage regular handwashing, disinfect commonly touched surfaces, and avoid sharing personal items such as towels or utensils. When possible, individuals should isolate those who are ill and seek prompt medical attention for infectious symptoms. Community education on hygiene and infection prevention can help mitigate risks. For further information on the relationship between housing conditions and health outcomes, visit the World Health Organization’s housing and health resource.

35. Poorly Managed Mental Illness

Poorly managed mental illness, including conditions such as depression, schizophrenia, or bipolar disorder, can significantly increase the risk of infection and sepsis. Individuals struggling with unmanaged mental health issues may neglect self-care practices, such as personal hygiene, wound care, regular nutrition, and medication adherence. This neglect creates opportunities for minor infections to escalate into severe, systemic illnesses. Research published by the National Institutes of Health indicates that people with unmanaged mental illness experience higher rates of hospitalization for infectious diseases and have worse outcomes, including increased mortality from sepsis, compared to those whose mental health is adequately managed.

Comparative studies show that individuals with well-managed mental illness—who have access to consistent therapy, social support, and appropriate medication—are more likely to maintain routines that support physical health and to seek timely medical attention. Advocating for integrated mental health and primary care, improving access to mental health services, and reducing stigma are critical steps in reducing infection and sepsis risks in this vulnerable group. For more information on mental health management and its impact on physical illness, visit the MentalHealth.gov myths and facts resource.

36. Lack of Access to Healthcare

Lack of access to healthcare is a critical factor that can delay the diagnosis and treatment of infections, thereby increasing the risk of progression to sepsis. Barriers such as lack of insurance, transportation difficulties, financial constraints, language differences, and shortages of local healthcare providers prevent many individuals from seeking timely care for minor infections or early warning signs of serious illness. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, populations with limited healthcare access experience higher rates of hospitalization, severe infection, and sepsis-related mortality.

Early and appropriate medical intervention is vital for preventing infections from becoming life-threatening. Suggestions for improving access include utilizing community health centers, mobile clinics, telemedicine platforms, and urgent care facilities, many of which offer sliding-scale fees or free services. Local health departments and nonprofit organizations often provide assistance in locating affordable care. Advocating for policy changes that expand healthcare coverage and reduce disparities is also essential. For more information on finding healthcare resources and overcoming barriers to care, visit the Health Resources & Services Administration’s Find a Health Center tool.

37. Living with Sickle Cell Disease

Individuals living with sickle cell disease (SCD) face a heightened risk of infection and sepsis due to both the disease’s inherent immune vulnerabilities and frequent medical interventions. Sickle cell disease damages or leads to the loss of spleen function early in life, a critical organ for filtering bacteria from the blood and mounting an effective response to encapsulated organisms like Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae. According to data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, children with SCD are more than 300 times as likely to develop invasive pneumococcal disease, and sepsis is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in pediatric populations.

Infection prevention in SCD involves a multifaceted approach: strict adherence to vaccination schedules (including pneumococcal, meningococcal, and Hib vaccines), routine use of prophylactic antibiotics in early childhood, and prompt medical evaluation for any fever or signs of illness. Families and caregivers should be educated to recognize warning signs—such as fever, lethargy, or unexplained pain—and seek urgent care immediately. For comprehensive infection prevention strategies and support resources, visit the CDC’s Sickle Cell Disease information page.

38. Delayed Treatment of Infections

Delaying the treatment of infections is a major risk factor for the development of sepsis. Numerous case studies have shown that waiting to seek medical care for seemingly minor infections—such as skin abscesses, urinary tract infections, or respiratory illnesses—can allow bacteria to multiply and spread throughout the body, leading to life-threatening complications. Research published by the National Institutes of Health demonstrates that patients who receive early, appropriate antimicrobial therapy have significantly lower rates of sepsis-related organ failure and death compared to those who experience delays in diagnosis and treatment.

Comparative outcomes are stark: early intervention often results in rapid recovery and fewer complications, while delayed care increases the likelihood of severe sepsis, septic shock, and long-term health consequences. Warning signs that require immediate attention include persistent fever, escalating pain, redness or swelling, confusion, and difficulty breathing. The key to preventing sepsis lies in recognizing symptoms early and seeking timely medical care—even for minor infections. For more information on the importance of rapid infection treatment and sepsis prevention, visit the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s sepsis awareness page.

39. Recent Antibiotic Use (Resistance Risk)

Recent antibiotic use can paradoxically increase the risk of sepsis by selecting for antibiotic-resistant bacteria. When antibiotics are used—especially inappropriately or for viral infections—they can kill off susceptible bacteria while allowing resistant strains to survive and proliferate. These resistant bacteria are more difficult to treat if they cause an infection, potentially leading to longer illnesses, higher rates of complications, and increased risk of sepsis. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, antibiotic-resistant infections are responsible for nearly three million illnesses and more than 35,000 deaths each year in the United States alone.

The rise of resistant pathogens such as MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) and drug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria is especially concerning in hospital and community settings. Careful antibiotic stewardship is essential: antibiotics should only be used when medically necessary, at the correct dose and duration, and never shared or saved for future use. Patients are encouraged to discuss any concerns or questions about antibiotics with their healthcare providers. For more information on antibiotic resistance and stewardship, visit the CDC’s Antibiotic Resistance Frequently Asked Questions.

40. Poorly Controlled Hypertension

Poorly controlled hypertension (high blood pressure) is a surprising but significant risk factor for infection and sepsis. Chronic high blood pressure damages blood vessels and vital organs, including the heart, kidneys, and brain, impairing their ability to mount an effective immune response. This vascular damage compromises the delivery of oxygen and immune cells to tissues, making it easier for infections to take hold and progress. According to the National Institutes of Health, individuals with uncontrolled hypertension have higher rates of infections, longer hospital stays, and are at increased risk for sepsis-related complications compared to those with well-managed blood pressure.

Managing blood pressure effectively is essential for reducing these risks. Tips for optimal blood pressure control include adhering to prescribed medications, regular monitoring at home, maintaining a healthy diet low in sodium, engaging in regular physical activity, managing stress, and avoiding tobacco and excessive alcohol. Regular checkups with healthcare providers help ensure blood pressure remains within target ranges and allow for early intervention if complications arise. For more information about hypertension management and its impact on overall health, visit the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s blood pressure management resource.

41. Close Animal Contact (Zoonotic Infections)

Close contact with animals, whether in agricultural, domestic, or recreational settings, can increase the risk of acquiring zoonotic infections—diseases transmitted from animals to humans—which may result in sepsis. Pathogens such as Leptospira (leptospirosis), Salmonella, Campylobacter, and even certain strains of Staphylococcus and Streptococcus can be contracted through direct handling, bites, scratches, or contact with animal excreta. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention highlights numerous cases where individuals developed severe infections and sepsis after exposure to infected pets, livestock, or wildlife. For example, leptospirosis can result from contact with water contaminated with the urine of infected animals and has been linked to outbreaks in people engaged in outdoor activities or farming.

To reduce risk, it is essential to practice good hand hygiene after handling animals, cleaning cages, or coming into contact with animal waste. Pet owners should keep up with regular veterinary care, vaccinations, and parasite prevention for their animals. Avoiding direct contact with wild or sick animals and wearing protective clothing when necessary can also help. For detailed information on zoonotic infection prevention and animal safety, visit the CDC’s Healthy Pets, Healthy People resource.

42. Chronic Neurological Diseases (e.g., MS, ALS)

Chronic neurological diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Parkinson’s disease elevate the risk of infections and sepsis due to a combination of immobility, muscle weakness, and bladder dysfunction. Immobility increases the likelihood of pressure ulcers and respiratory complications, while neurogenic bladder—common in these conditions—predisposes individuals to recurrent urinary tract infections. According to research published by the National Institutes of Health, infection-related hospitalizations and sepsis rates in patients with chronic neurological conditions are substantially higher than in the general population.

Preventive steps are crucial to reduce infection risk in this vulnerable group. Regular repositioning and skin care help prevent pressure sores, while prompt management of bladder symptoms—such as intermittent catheterization and maintaining adequate hydration—can reduce urinary tract infection rates. Respiratory health can be supported through physical therapy, breathing exercises, and vaccination against influenza and pneumonia. Caregivers should watch for early signs of infection, including fever, changes in mental status, or localized pain, and seek timely medical evaluation. For further information on infection prevention and care in neurological conditions, visit the National Multiple Sclerosis Society’s infection prevention guide.

43. Smoking

Smoking is a well-documented risk factor for respiratory and systemic infections that can progress to sepsis. Tobacco smoke damages the delicate lining of the respiratory tract, paralyzes cilia that clear mucus and pathogens, and impairs immune cell function, making it easier for bacteria and viruses to invade the lungs and bloodstream. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, smokers are significantly more likely to develop pneumonia, chronic bronchitis, and other respiratory infections—all conditions that can serve as gateways to sepsis, particularly in older adults or those with chronic illnesses.

Several studies have found that smokers have increased rates of hospitalization for severe infections and sepsis compared to nonsmokers. The negative impact extends beyond the lungs, as smoking also weakens the immune system throughout the body. Quitting smoking is one of the most effective ways to reduce infection risk and improve overall health. Support for cessation is available through counseling, medication, and quitlines. For more information, resources, and support on quitting smoking and reducing infection risk, visit the Smokefree.gov website.

44. Use of Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs)

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), commonly prescribed for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and peptic ulcer disease, work by reducing stomach acid production. While generally safe when used appropriately, PPIs can alter the natural balance of gut bacteria and decrease the stomach’s ability to kill ingested pathogens. This change increases susceptibility to gastrointestinal infections, such as Clostridioides difficile and Salmonella, which in severe cases can progress to sepsis. A study published by the National Institutes of Health found that PPI users have a moderately increased risk of both community-acquired and hospital-acquired infections compared to non-users.

Given these risks, it is important to use PPIs only when medically indicated and for the shortest effective duration. Patients should discuss ongoing symptoms and medication regimens with their healthcare providers, and avoid self-medicating with over-the-counter acid suppressants for long periods without supervision. Monitoring for signs of infection—such as persistent diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, or confusion—is especially important in those on long-term PPI therapy. For more information on the safe use of PPIs and associated infection risks, visit the U.S. Food & Drug Administration resource page.

45. Recent Tattooing or Body Piercing

Recent tattooing or body piercing can increase the risk of infection, particularly if procedures are performed in unregulated or unsterile environments. Pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, including MRSA, Pseudomonas, and even bloodborne viruses like hepatitis B and C, can be introduced through contaminated needles, ink, or equipment. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports that improper tattooing or piercing practices have led to outbreaks of serious skin and systemic infections, some of which progressed to sepsis, especially in immunocompromised individuals or those with chronic illnesses.

Public health agencies strongly recommend choosing licensed professionals who follow strict sterilization protocols and use single-use, disposable equipment. Aftercare practices are essential to minimize infection risk: keep the area clean and dry, avoid touching with unwashed hands, follow specific care instructions, and watch for warning signs of infection such as redness, swelling, pus, fever, or increasing pain. Seek prompt medical attention if symptoms worsen or do not improve. For more information on safe tattooing, piercing, and proper aftercare, visit the CDC’s Body Art and Infection Control resource.

46. Swimming in Contaminated Water

Swimming in contaminated lakes, rivers, or inadequately maintained pools exposes individuals to bacteria, fungi, and parasites that can cause skin, ear, eye, or wound infections—some of which may progress to sepsis if left untreated. Pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio vulnificus, and Naegleria fowleri have been implicated in outbreaks linked to recreational water activities. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has reported numerous cases where swimming in contaminated water led to severe infections, particularly in people with open wounds, weakened immune systems, or chronic health conditions.

To reduce risk, swimmers should avoid entering natural bodies of water or pools that appear dirty, have been closed for contamination, or lack proper chlorination. Individuals with cuts, scrapes, or recent surgical wounds should refrain from swimming until fully healed. Showering before and after swimming, using waterproof bandages on small wounds, and promptly cleaning and drying any skin breaks are effective preventive measures. If symptoms such as redness, swelling, pain, fever, or drainage develop after swimming, seek medical evaluation. For more information on recreational water illness outbreaks and safe swimming practices, visit the CDC Healthy Swimming resource.

47. Poorly Controlled Asthma

Poorly controlled asthma significantly heightens the risk of respiratory infections, which can serve as a gateway to severe complications like sepsis. Asthma causes chronic inflammation and narrowing of the airways, making it harder for the lungs to clear mucus and pathogens. Frequent asthma exacerbations, inadequate use of controller medications, and persistent symptoms weaken respiratory defenses. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, individuals with uncontrolled asthma are more likely to be hospitalized for respiratory infections, and studies have linked uncontrolled asthma with increased rates of sepsis, especially after severe viral or bacterial infections.

Effective asthma management is crucial to reduce the likelihood of infection and subsequent systemic illness. Patients should adhere to prescribed inhalers, attend regular checkups, and monitor symptoms closely using an asthma action plan. Annual influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations are recommended to prevent common respiratory infections. Prompt medical attention for worsening asthma symptoms or new signs of infection—such as fever, chest pain, or cough—is essential. For further guidance on asthma control and infection prevention, visit the CDC’s Asthma Management resource.

48. Occupational Exposure (Healthcare, Agriculture, Waste Management)

Occupational exposure in fields such as healthcare, agriculture, and waste management significantly elevates the risk of infection and, consequently, sepsis. Workers in healthcare settings encounter infectious agents through contact with blood, body fluids, and contaminated instruments, making them susceptible to pathogens like MRSA, hepatitis viruses, and Clostridioides difficile. Similarly, agricultural workers face risks from zoonotic bacteria such as Leptospira and Brucella, as well as soil-borne fungi and parasites. Waste management professionals are routinely exposed to biohazardous materials and sharp objects that can introduce dangerous microbes through breaks in the skin. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) identifies these groups as high-risk for serious infections that may advance to sepsis if not promptly identified and treated.

To minimize risk, strict adherence to workplace safety protocols is essential. This includes using appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), practicing rigorous hand hygiene, receiving recommended vaccinations, and promptly reporting injuries and exposures. Training on infection control and regular health monitoring can further reduce occupational risks. For more information on workplace infection prevention and safety guidelines, visit the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Infectious Diseases resource.

49. Living with Cystic Fibrosis

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder characterized by thick, sticky mucus in the lungs, which creates an ideal environment for persistent bacterial infections. Individuals with CF are especially vulnerable to pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Burkholderia cepacia, which can lead to chronic respiratory infections and, in severe cases, sepsis. According to the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, repeated lung infections are a leading cause of hospitalizations and complications in people with CF.

Patient stories highlight the daily challenges of managing infection risk: frequent coughing, regular use of antibiotics, and hospital stays for intravenous treatment are common. Some patients have described episodes where a seemingly routine illness rapidly escalated to sepsis, underscoring the importance of early intervention. Infection prevention strategies for those with CF include rigorous airway clearance techniques, strict hand hygiene, avoiding contact with sick individuals, and keeping up with vaccinations. Regular monitoring by specialized care teams helps in the early detection of infections and timely treatment. For more information on living with CF and infection prevention, visit the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation’s infection prevention resource.

50. Exposure to Resistant Organisms (e.g., MRSA, VRE)

Exposure to antibiotic-resistant organisms such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) dramatically increases the risk of developing severe infections and sepsis. These bacteria are difficult to treat because they do not respond to standard antibiotics, often leading to prolonged illness, complications, and higher mortality rates. Hospital outbreaks of MRSA and VRE have been widely reported, particularly in intensive care units and among patients with weakened immune systems, indwelling devices, or recent surgeries. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention notes that healthcare-associated infections caused by resistant organisms result in thousands of deaths annually in the United States alone.

Strict infection control practices are essential for preventing the spread of resistant bacteria. These measures include diligent hand hygiene, proper use of personal protective equipment (PPE), thorough cleaning and disinfection of hospital environments, and isolation of infected or colonized patients when necessary. Patients and visitors should follow hospital infection prevention guidelines closely and advocate for safe care. For more detailed information about antibiotic-resistant infections and best practices for prevention, visit the CDC’s Healthcare-Associated Infections resource.

Conclusion

Recognizing the wide range of risk factors for sepsis is crucial for preventing this potentially life-threatening condition. Early identification and intervention can save lives, especially in those with underlying vulnerabilities. Individuals should remain vigilant for symptoms such as fever, confusion, rapid breathing, or unusual pain, and seek prompt medical attention if concerns arise. Discussing personal risk factors and preventive strategies with a healthcare provider is a proactive step toward safeguarding health. For further guidance on sepsis awareness and prevention, visit the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s sepsis resource. Taking these practical steps can make a critical difference in reducing the impact of sepsis on individuals and communities.

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