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30 Plant-Based Sources of Protein

30. Seaweed (wakame) Wakame is a nutritious, edible seaweed that brings a unique taste and texture to a variety of dishes. It can add a range… Rina - April 5, 2020

To increase your protein intake, check out these 30 plant-based sources of protein. Proteins are large, complex molecules that play many critical roles in the body. They do most of the work in cells and are required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body’s tissues and organs. Over time, a lack of protein can make you lose muscle mass, which in turn cuts your strength, makes it harder to keep your balance, and slows your metabolism. It can also lead to anemia when your cells don’t get enough oxygen, which makes you tired. Protein is critical for building and rebuilding muscle tissue, so it makes sense that a deficiency would cause muscle pain. When dietary protein is lacking, the body pulls from its reserves in both the muscles and joints. As a result, muscles tighten and ache, and joints stiffen.

Our blood sugar level can really affect how we feel and how our brains process information, so it’s important to keep those levels stable to prevent brain fog. In fact, poor concentration and a lack of motivation can also indicate a poor protein level in the body. Protein deficiency is when your intake is unable to meet your body’s requirements. An estimated one billion people worldwide suffer from inadequate protein intake. The recommendation for protein for an adult male is around 63 grams per day. For an adult female, it is around 52 grams per day. It is very easy to reach this recommended amount and you can get all the protein you need simply by eating a whole-food, plant-based diet.

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1. Tofu the superfood

Our list of ’30 Plant-Based Sources of Protein’ starts with -Tofu! Tofu is also known as bean curd and is a food prepared by coagulating soy milk and then pressing the resulting curds into solid white blocks of varying softness. It can be silken, soft, firm, or extra firm. Tofu is a good source of protein and contains all nine essential amino acids. It is also a valuable plant source of iron and calcium and the minerals manganese and phosphorous. In addition to this, it also contains magnesium, copper, zinc and vitamin B1. Tofu is high in protein and many healthy nutrients.

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Eating tofu may protect against a variety of health conditions, such as heart disease, diabetes, and even certain cancers. Tofu can be a great source of low-calorie protein in a weight loss diet. It’s a plant-based protein, like beans and lentils but tofu is lower in carbohydrates than these sources.
Tofu 3 oz, 6.9g of protein, 1.6g carbs, 0.3g fiber, 65 calories

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2. Tempeh, even more protein

Tempeh is a nutrient-dense soy product with a high amount of protein, as well as various vitamins and minerals. It may decrease cholesterol levels, oxidative stress, and appetite while improving bone health. Tempeh also contains prebiotics, which may improve digestive health and reduce inflammation. It’s popular with vegans and vegetarians because it has vitamin B12 and is a complete source of protein. That means it has all nine of the essential amino acids your body needs for healthy bones and muscles. What does tempeh taste like? The fermentation gives tempeh an earthy, savory, mushroom-like flavor that’s much stronger than the flavor of tofu.

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Where tofu is often soft and bland, tempeh is chewy and nutty. Cut into thin slices, marinate, and pan-fry (go easy on the oil, since tempeh is like a sponge). Use in sandwiches and salads. Crumble and cook like taco meat for old school tacos or as a filling for enchiladas. Tempeh is rich in soy protein and genistein, which have beneficial effects on the regulation of high blood sugar and prevent diabetes. Many studies have shown that fermented soybean and LAB are effective for the prevention of type II diabetes.
Tempeh 3.5 oz, 18.2g protein, 9.4g carbs, 5g fiber, 196 calories

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3. Seitan, the texture of meat

Seitan is a popular plant-based protein made from wheat gluten and water. It is high in protein and is a good source of minerals like selenium and iron. Seitan is a great option for vegans who cannot eat soy, since other popular vegan foods, such as tofu and tempeh, are soy-based. Seitan contains more protein than most other plant-based protein sources.

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However, seitan isn’t a complete protein—it lacks the amino acids lysine and threonine. As a high-protein ingredient, seitan can make a great-tasting addition to your diet. However, it’s not for everyone—people who can’t eat wheat or gluten should avoid seitan.
Seitan 3oz, 18g protein, 3 carbs, 1fiber, 90 calories

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4. The amazing Chickpea

Chickpeas are a rich source of vitamins, minerals, and fiber They offer a variety of health benefits, such as improving digestion, aiding weight management and reducing the risk of several diseases. Additionally, chickpeas are high in protein and make an excellent replacement for meat. The fiber, potassium, B vitamins, iron, magnesium, and selenium in chickpeas all support heart health. Fiber helps decrease the risk of heart disease by lowering cholesterol levels in the blood. Chickpeas contain no cholesterol. Both fiber and protein aid in weight loss. Fibre keeps you fuller for longer and protein satiates hunger.

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According to a study published in the journal Appetite, regularly eating chickpeas can help to keep weight loss plans on track. They’re loaded with antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds. Chickpeas, as well as beans and lentils, are well-known foods with a low glycemic index, making them good choices for diabetes, but new research suggests that eating legumes may actually have a therapeutic effect. It should be emphasized that chickpeas are a “complete protein” meaning that they contain all 9 Essential Amino Acids (EAA’s) which is one of the many reasons they have become such a valued food ingredient for vegetarians as well as omnivores across the globe.
Chickpeas 1cup, 14g protein, 45g carbs, 12.5g fiber, 269 calories

 

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5. The benefits of Soybeans

Soybeans are a type of legume that can be eaten whole or processed into a variety of forms. Though they are called beans, they actually belong to the pea family. Soy has been part of traditional Asian diets for thousands of years. Today, soy is widely consumed, not only as a source of plant-based protein but also as an ingredient in many processed foods. However, soy remains a controversial food… Some praise its health benefits, while others claim it could be bad for you. Several studies suggest that soy may improve cholesterol levels, especially “bad” LDL cholesterol. However, the researchers observed that soy supplements didn’t have the same cholesterol-lowering effect as eating soy foods.

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Because soy contains phytoestrogens, men may worry about including it in their diet. However, studies do not indicate that soy negatively impacts the production of testosterone in men. What’s more, soy may reduce the risk of prostate cancer. While soybeans were once grown mainly in China, nowadays they are grown primarily in the US and South America and imported to China. However, 94% of soybeans grown outside of China are currently genetically modified. The safety of genetically modified foods may be a concern. Still, in moderation, soybeans and other GMO’s like corn can still be part of a healthy diet.
Soybeans 1 cup, 29g protein, 17g carbs, 10g fiber, 298 calories

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6. The many shades of Lentils

Brown, green, yellow, red or black – lentils are low in calories, rich in iron and folate and an excellent source of protein. They pack health-promoting polyphenols and may reduce several heart disease risk factors. They’re easily cooked in 5-20 minutes. Which like soaking, reduces their antinutrient content. When a person replaces meat in the diet with high fiber foods, such as lentils, they decrease their risk of heart disease. Studies have found that potassium, calcium, and magnesium in lentils can decrease blood pressure naturally. Although many anti-inflammatory diets claim that whole grains and legumes (beans, peas, and lentils) increase inflammation, research shows otherwise.

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Legumes are high in fiber and magnesium. Magnesium has been shown to help reduce inflammation. Lentils are an excellent food choice if you are trying to lose weight. Because lentils contain virtually no fat but are high in fiber, they tend to fill you up without adding unnecessary calories to your meal. A mere 1.5 cups of lentils contains just as much protein as a 3 oz chicken breast, but lentils contain the dietary fiber, copper, phosphorus, and manganese that you can’t get from meat.
Lentils 1cup, 17.9g protein, 39.9g carbs, 15.6g fiber, 229 calories

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7. Edamame with Sake

Edamame beans are whole, immature soybeans sometimes referred to as vegetable-type soybeans. In addition to being a source of protein, edamame is rich in healthy fiber, antioxidants, and vitamin K. These plant compounds may reduce the risk of heart disease and improve the blood lipid profile, a measure of fats including cholesterol and triglycerides. Rich in isoflavones and omega-3 fatty acids, edamame can lower levels of C-reactive protein, a marker of inflammation.

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Edamame is a soy product and must be cooked before it can be eaten safely because raw soy is poisonous. Eating the beans raw can cause short term digestive problems and possible long-term health issues, and they are the classic accompaniment for the Japanese Sake.
Edamame, 1 cup – shelled, 33.2g protein, 28.3g carbs, 10.8g fiber, 376 calorie

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8. The amazing benefits of Black beans

Black beans should be part of every diet. They’re healthy foods that help prevent cancer because they’re filled with phytochemicals that protect your cells from damage, and black beans are thought to be even more packed with antioxidants than other varieties. Luckily, black beans are easy to add to your diet. The fiber, potassium, folate, vitamin B6, and phytonutrient content of black beans, coupled with its lack of cholesterol, all support heart health. This fiber helps lower the total amount of cholesterol in the blood and decrease the risk of heart disease.

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For this reason, the U.S. Dietary Guidelines for Americans, recommends eating 3 cups of legumes or beans per week. Eating 1/2 cup of beans every day will help you meet your weekly goal. Black beans as part of a healthy weight loss diet can help you lose weight. Beans of all types are high in fiber and low in fat. They keep you full for long periods of time and help keep your blood sugar stable. All legumes, including black beans, are full of protein and fiber — two well-known appetite crushers.
Black beans 1 cup, 15.2g protein, 40.8g carbs, 11.3g fiber, 225 calories

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9. Pinto bean have protein too

Pinto beans are extremely nutritious. They’re an excellent source of protein, fiber, vitamins, and minerals. These nutrients may provide several benefits, including improved blood sugar control and heart health. Pinto beans are also rich in various antioxidants and may help lower your risk of chronic disease. Pinto beans provide a healthy dose of complex carbohydrates. 3 There are nearly 30 grams of starch in a single serving of pinto beans.

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Carbohydrates in the form of starch provide the body with quick energy. You’ll also benefit from 15 grams of fiber when you consume a cup of pinto beans. Pinto beans are also an excellent source of molybdenum, a very good source of folate, and a good source of protein, vitamin B1, and vitamin B6 as well as the minerals copper, phosphorus, iron, magnesium, manganese, and potassium.
Pinto bean 1 cup cooked, 15.4g protein, 44.8g carbs, 15.4g fiber, 244 calories

 

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10. White bean varieties

White beans are packed with folate, vitamin B1 (thiamin), potassium, magnesium, and iron. It’s an easy bean to cook with and can be a healthy substitute for the type of starch in potatoes. Popular varieties include the navy bean (also called white pea bean, small white bean, Boston bean, Yankee bean or Fagioli), which is small and cooks relatively quickly. They are known to combat inflammation because they’re loaded with antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds, fiber, and protein. Fiber helps your body feel full, so you don’t need to eat as much throughout the day.

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While current dietary guidelines recommend getting about 25 grams of fiber a day, many fall short. On average, people consume just 12.1 to 13.8 grams a day. Vegetarians rely on beans and legumes for a lot of their protein, but these foods are actually a combination of protein and carbohydrates. Beans like pinto, navy, and kidney are about one-quarter protein and three-quarters carbohydrate. The carbohydrate portion is a mixture of fiber and starch.
White beans 1 cup, 17.4g protein, 44.9g carbs, 11.3g fiber, 249 calories

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11. Mineral-rich Kidney beans

Similar to the kidney in shape and color, kidney beans provide a variety of minerals and vitamins, and so are generally beneficial for your health. Kidney beans are an excellent plant-based source of protein. They’re also rich in various minerals, vitamins, fibers, antioxidants, and other unique plant compounds. Therefore, these beans may aid weight loss, promote colon health, and moderate blood sugar levels.

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Make sure to cook them well, Raw or improperly cooked beans are toxic. According to the FDA, eating as few as 4-5 uncooked kidney beans can cause severe nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea in 1-3 hours after ingestion. Uncooked kidney beans have an unusually high concentration of a chemical called phytohaemagglutinin that is destroyed when the beans are properly cooked by boiling.
Kidney beans 15.3g protein, 40.4g carbs, 11.3g fiber, 225 calories

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12. Peas Please

Peas have many essential vitamins and minerals that the body requires. Compared to other vegetables such as carrots, peas have higher levels of protein. In addition, peas are a good source of dietary fiber, Vitamin A, iron, folate, thiamin, Vitamin C and manganese. They have a high level of Vitamin K and one of the many health benefits of green peas is blood sugar control.

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As a group, beans, chickpeas, lentils, and peas are known as pulses. They may influence weight loss due to their effect on fullness, as well as their protein and fiber content. Similarly to oatmeal, pulses contain soluble fiber that may slow down digestion and absorption.
Peas 1cup 8g protein, 21g carbs, 7g fiber, 118 calories

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13. Almonds for your health

Almonds are native to the Middle East, but the US is now the world’s largest producer. The almonds you can buy in stores usually have the shell removed, revealing the edible nut inside. They are sold either raw or roasted. Almonds are an excellent source of protein, but they may also have significant fat-burning power. If you are aiming for a flat stomach, you need to get your cravings in hand.

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The best way is to snack on healthy foods which make you feel fuller for a longer time and do not bloat your stomach at the same time. Eating almonds every day is associated with greater weight loss and higher fat metabolism. They are high in healthy monounsaturated fats, omega-3 fatty acids, fiber, and protein. Almonds are rich in magnesium and nutrients which promote hair growth. By preventing dandruff and hair damage, almond provides sufficient nutrition to the hair follicles that make the hair strands stronger, thus reducing hair fallout.
Almonds 1oz, 6g, 5.6g, 3.3g fiber, 164 calories

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14. Cashews are better cooked

The cashew tree is a tropical evergreen tree that produces the cashew seed and the cashew apple. Cashews contain high levels of lutein and zeaxanthin, which act as antioxidants. When consumed daily, these antioxidant compounds can protect the eyes from the type of damage that can lead to blindness as we get older. They can also help decrease the risk of cataracts. Magnesium in cashew nuts is essential for regulating the metabolism of fat and carbohydrates, which may further help you lose weight. While nuts are high in calories, eating the right amount daily can actually help lose weight.

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Can you live off of cashews alone? You’d need to take a vitamin C supplement to survive any meaningful length of time. Cashews don’t provide complete amino acids, so you’d eventually develop some protein issues. Additionally, cashews must be cooked or steamed before consumption, as in their raw state they contain urushiol, a chemical which is also found in poison ivy and can be fatal if consumed in large enough amounts.
Cashews 1 oz 5.2g protein, 8.6g carbs, 0.9g fiber, 157 calories

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15. Eat more Walnuts!

Walnuts are the only nuts that are good sources of omega-3 fatty acids, along with the almost-extinct butternut. They are dense in nutrients and provide heart-healthy fats. The combination of healthy fats, protein, and fiber in walnuts helps to increase satisfaction and fullness. How many walnuts should you eat in a day? “A handful of walnuts contains almost twice as much antioxidants as an equivalent amount of any other commonly consumed nut,” said US chemistry professor and study researcher Joe Vinson in a statement.

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“But unfortunately, people don’t eat a lot of them.” His advice: eat seven walnuts a day. Walnuts are the top nut for brain health. They have a significantly high concentration of DHA, a type of Omega-3 fatty acid. Among other things, DHA has been shown to protect brain health in newborns, improve cognitive performance in adults, and prevent or ameliorate age-related cognitive decline. Their many benefits include:
Walnuts 10z, 4.3g protein, 3.9g carbs, 1.9g fiber, 185 calories

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16. Pistachios and better sleep

Pistachio nuts are not only tasty and fun to eat but also super healthy. They are a great source of healthy fats, fiber, protein, antioxidants, and various nutrients such as vitamin B6 and thiamine. Their health effects may include weight loss benefits, lower cholesterol and blood sugar, and improved gut, eye, and blood vessel health. Pistachios hit the sleep-inducing jackpot, packing in protein, vitamin B6, and magnesium, all of which contribute to better sleep. Pistachios contain about 660 nanograms melatonin per gram of pistachio, which was more than various other foods.

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Melatonin is a hormone produced by the pineal gland to regulate the body’s internal biological clock and control daily sleep cycles. It is not recommended to eat the right before bed. These take longer to digest and can keep you awake. Unsaturated fats will not only boost your heart health but also improve your serotonin levels. Examples include peanut butter (read the label to make sure peanuts are the only ingredient) and nuts such as walnuts, almonds, cashews, and pistachios.
Pistachios 1oz, 5.8 protein, 7.9g carbs, 2.9g fiber, 158 calories

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17. The delicious Hazelnut

Hazelnuts are a delicious snack, and they provide a range of benefits, including improving heart health and reducing inflammation. The hazelnut, also known as the filbert, is a type of nut that comes from the Corylus tree. Rich in unsaturated fats high in magnesium, calcium, and vitamins B and E. Hazelnuts are good for your heart, help reduce the risk of cancer, and aid in muscle, skin, bone, joint and digestive health.

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It is also good for your skin. It’s loaded with skin-nourishing vitamins and essential fatty acids that help protect skin against sun damage, boost collagen production, and more. The robust amount of vitamin E present in hazelnuts help maintain the skin and hair health. Vitamin E protects the skin and hair from the harmful effects of ultraviolet rays, reducing the risk of skin cancer and dark spots.
Hazelnuts 1oz, 4.2g protein, 4.7g carbs, 2.7g fiber, 178 calories

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18. Macadamia The hardest nut

Macadamia is a genus of four species of trees indigenous to Australia. These nuts are high in healthy fats and may help those trying to lose weight. One serving of macadamia nuts also contain dietary fiber, protein, manganese, thiamin, and a good amount of copper. The fat content of macadamia nuts is higher than that of other popular nuts such as almonds, cashews, and walnuts. Eating 1.5-3 ounces (42-84 grams) of macadamia nuts each day may significantly reduce markers of inflammation, such as leukotriene B4.

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Inflammation is a risk factor for heart disease. One nut you have likely never seen in the shell is the macadamia, and for good reason. Unlike opening a peanut or pistachio, it takes some serious muscle to extract the edible nut from its shell: 300 pounds of pressure per square inch to be exact, making it the hardest nut in the world to crack!
Macadamia nuts 1oz, 2.2g protein, 3.9g carbs, 2.4g fiber, 203 calories

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19. Pecans

The pecan is a species of hickory native to northern Mexico and the southern United States. Pecans are excellent sources of manganese and copper, two minerals that boost overall metabolic health and anti-inflammatory properties, and potentially help reduce the risk of heart disease. The added benefit: These nutrients have shown promise specifically in preventing high blood pressure. Pecans are an excellent source of L-arginine, an amino acid which, when applied topically helps treat male pattern baldness as well as encourage the growth of healthy hair.

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This, in turn, increases the rate of blood flow throughout the body and to the hair roots which is vital for healthy hair growth and scalp. Pecans contain vitamin A and vitamin E, which are nutrients that contribute to the prevention of wrinkles and premature aging. The fiber content of pecans can help eliminate these toxins which in turn will support skin health. Pecans contain antioxidants that can help prevent the development of fine lines and wrinkles.
Pecans 1oz, 2.6g protein, 3.9g carbs, 2.7g fiber, 196 calories

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20. Pumpkin seeds

Pumpkin seeds contain omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, antioxidants, and fiber. This combination has benefits for both the heart and liver. The fiber in pumpkin seeds helps lower the total amount of cholesterol in the blood and decrease the risk of heart disease. A serving of pumpkin seeds (around 1 ounce one handful) will give you a fifth of your daily requirement for protein, over half your requirement for phosphorous, almost half of your copper and magnesium requirement, a quarter of your zinc needs and 16 percent of your iron intake.

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Pumpkin is a healthy food rich in nutrients and compounds that can support blood sugar control. Several animal studies have shown that it may lower blood sugar, potentially improving diabetes management and helping slow the progression of the disease in some cases. Pumpkin seeds are a skin superfood because they’re so high in zinc. Zinc protects your cell membranes, helps maintain collagen, and promotes skin renewal.
Pumpkin seeds 1oz, 9.3g, 3.8g, 1.1g, 148

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21. Chia seeds

Chia seeds are the edible seeds of Salvia hispanica, a flowering plant in the mint family native to Central America. Despite their small size, chia seeds are full of important nutrients. They are an excellent source of omega-3 fatty acids, rich in antioxidants, and they provide fiber, iron, and calcium. Omega-3 fatty acids help raise HDL cholesterol, the “good” cholesterol that protects against heart attack and stroke.

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Have you considered drinking them? When you think of foods, you rarely think of hydration. But don’t be fooled, if you have trouble drinking enough water throughout the day, chia seeds are a terrific aid. With their unique ability to absorb over 10x their weight in liquid, chia seeds are the ultimate hydration food.
Chia seeds 1oz, 4.4g protein, 12.4g carbs, 10.7g fiber, 139 calories

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22. Flaxseeds

Flax, also known as common flax or linseed. It is a food and fiber crop cultivated in cooler regions of the world. Textiles made from flax are known in the Western countries as linen and traditionally used for bed sheets, underclothes, and table linen. Flaxseed is commonly used to improve digestive health or relieve constipation. Flaxseed may also help lower total blood cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL, or “bad”) cholesterol levels, which may help reduce the risk of heart disease. In addition to being used in food, flaxseed oil can be applied to the skin to enhance skin health and increase skin moisture.

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Alternatively, some people use flaxseed oil as a hair mask to promote growth and shine. Flaxseeds are rich in proteins. So, when you consume a teaspoon of flaxseeds, along with dietary fiber, the protein content suppresses your appetite. This prevents you from overeating, thereby helping you in losing weight. Flaxseeds are low in starch and sugar, hence they are not high on calories. Flax seeds are safe for most people when consumed in moderate amounts. But there are some things to keep in mind before you take flax seeds to lose weight. Don’t consume raw or unripe flax seeds. Not only will they cause indigestion, but they may also contain toxic compounds.
Flaxseeds 1oz, 7.1g protein, 10.6g carbs, 7.1g fiber, 159 calories

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23. Sesame seeds

Sesame seeds, despite their tiny size, are a valuable cash crop. They are a good source of healthy fats, protein, B vitamins, minerals, fiber, antioxidants, and other beneficial plant compounds. Regularly eating substantial portions of these seeds (not just an occasional sprinkling on a burger bun) may aid blood sugar control, combat arthritis pain, and lower cholesterol. Sesame seeds are rich in lignans that may help burn fat as they cause the body to release more fat-burning liver enzymes.

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Sesame seeds are an excellent source of protein, which helps increase your metabolic rate and curbs hunger, thereby avoiding excessive calorie consumption and aiding weight loss. They are full of calcium as well, eating just 1 tablespoon of sesame seeds adds 88 mg of calcium to a person’s diet. Sesame seeds also contain zinc and copper, and both are beneficial to bone health. They also help reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, which can worsen symptoms of many disorders, including arthritis.
Sesame seeds 1oz, 5g protein, 6.6g carbs, 3.3g fiber, 162 calories

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24. Quinoa

Quinoa is a grain crop that is grown for its edible seeds. It’s pronounced KEEN-wah. It technically isn’t a cereal grain, but a pseudo-cereal. In other words, it is basically a seed, which is prepared and eaten similarly to a grain. Quinoa was an important crop for the Inca Empire. Often referred to as the super grain, quinoa is high in fiber and high-quality protein. In fact, it contains more protein than any other grain while also packing in iron and potassium. This superfood is classified as a whole grain and is naturally gluten-free.

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Quinoa has a glycemic index of around 53, meaning it won’t cause as dramatic a spike in blood sugar. This means that quinoa can be particularly beneficial for people with diabetes since fiber and protein are considered important for keeping blood sugar under control. Quinoa is a complete protein that is also gluten-free and full of amino acids, which helps cleanse and detoxify the body and keep your immunity up.
Quinoa 1cup cooked, 8.1gprotein, 39.4g carbs, 5.2g fiber, 222 calories

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25. Rolled oats

Rolled oats are a type of lightly processed whole-grain food. Traditionally, they are made from oat groats that have been dehusked and steamed, before being rolled into flat flakes under heavy rollers and then stabilized by being lightly toasted. Oats are among the healthiest grains on earth. They’re a gluten-free whole grain and a great source of important vitamins, minerals, fiber, and antioxidants. Studies show that oats and oatmeal have many health benefits. These include weight loss, lower blood sugar levels and a reduced risk of heart disease.

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The low-glycemic impact (GI) of a bowl of oatmeal eaten in the morning provides a good source of energy throughout the morning hours, without a dramatic increase or drop in blood sugar. The daily caloric impact of an oatmeal breakfast is huge. Oatmeal could help you decrease your total daily calories by as much as 81%. Oatmeal and other unrefined grains tend to be high in fiber, and fiber also may help with inflammation.
Rolled oats 1cup, 5.9g protein, 30g carbs, 4g fiber, 170 calories

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26. Barley

Barley was one of the first cultivated grains, particularly in Eurasia as early as 10,000 years ago. It is high in fiber, especially beta-glucan, which may reduce cholesterol and blood sugar levels. It may also aid weight loss and improve digestion. Whole-grain, hulled barley is more nutritious than refined, pearled barley. Barley contains selenium. Getting selenium from the diet can help prevent inflammation, according to a study from 2012.

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Barley is packed with vitamin C, antioxidants, and minerals. All these are excellent for your skin. It has been proven to reduce inflammation in the body. Whole grain barley is very high in dietary fiber, which allows it to be digested slowly. Combined with a high level of magnesium, whole-grain barley is considered an incredibly beneficial food for diabetics and those with a high risk of developing diabetes.
Barley 1 cup 3.5g protein, 44.3g carbs, 6g fiber, 193 calories

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27. Asparagus

Asparagus is a nutrient-packed vegetable. It is a very good source of fiber, folate, vitamins A, C, E and K, as well as chromium, a trace mineral that enhances the ability of insulin to transport glucose from the bloodstream into cells. That’s good news if you’re watching your blood sugar. It’s also a great source of copper, an essential trace mineral that aids in collagen formation, energy production and iron absorption.

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Thanks to their diuretic function, they help the cleansing process by activating the functions of the liver and kidneys that eliminate the toxins. Asparagus Can Keep Diabetes Away. It is a popular vegetable, can keep diabetes at bay by helping blood sugar levels stay under control while boosting the output of insulin, the hormone that helps the body absorb glucose, says a study. This study suggests asparagus extract exerts anti-diabetic effects.
Asparagus 1cup, 2.9g protein, 5g carbs, 2.8 fiber, 27 calories

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28. Broccoli

Broccoli is a great source of protein as well as vitamins K and C, a good source of folate (folic acid) and also provides potassium, fiber. Vitamin C builds collagen, which forms body tissue and bone, and helps cuts and wounds heal. Vitamin C is a powerful antioxidant and protects the body from damaging free radicals.

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Cruciferous vegetables, such as broccoli and Brussels sprouts are particularly healing for arthritis conditions, as are asparagus, pak choi, cauliflower, celery cabbage, and fennel. Studies have found that eating a serving of broccoli every day could prevent and slow the spread of osteoarthritis. Broccoli is full of many vitamins and minerals important for skin health, including zinc, vitamin A and vitamin C. It also contains lutein, a carotenoid that works like beta-carotene. Lutein protects your skin from oxidative damage, which can cause your skin to become dry and wrinkled.
Broccoli 1 cup 3.7g protein, 11.2g carbs, 5.1g fiber, 55 calories

Fresh spinach. Image via Shutterstock

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29. Spinach

Spinach is a leafy green flowering plant native to central and western Asia. It is a rich source of protein and it is also an excellent source of vitamin K, vitamin A, vitamin C, and folate as well as being a good source of manganese, magnesium, iron and vitamin B2. Vitamin K is important for maintaining bone health and it is difficult to find vegetables richer in vitamin K than spinach.

Spinach can be eaten alone or added to your eggs. Freepik

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Low in calories and packed with the goodness of vitamins and minerals, spinach contains a high content of fiber and water, which can help facilitate weight loss. So, if you happen to maintain a healthy calorific intake, going for nutrient-dense spinach could be a really good choice. Leafy greens like spinach can help reduce inflammation. Earlier research shows nitrate in the plant has the potential to help convert “bad” fat cells, which are white, into beige cells which help to reduce obesity.
Spinach 1 cup cooked 5.3g protein, 6.8g carbs, 4.3g fiber, 41 calories

Seaweed (wakame) salad. Unsplash

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30. Seaweed (wakame)

Wakame is a nutritious, edible seaweed that brings a unique taste and texture to a variety of dishes. It can add a range of vitamins and minerals to your diet for a low number of calories. It is also associated with various health benefits, including lower cholesterol levels, decreased blood pressure, enhanced weight loss and reduced blood sugar.

Image via Shutterstock

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Unlike land plants such as kale and spinach, seaweed contains preformed omega-3 fatty acids DHA and EPA, so seaweed can be a reliable source of omega-3. There are several types of seaweed, and it generally comes dried or in a powder form. One common nutrient that is found across all seaweed is dietary fiber. It helps in digestion and helps in weight loss.
Seaweed (wakame) 1 cup, 5.3g protein, 6.8g carbs, 4.3g fiber, 41 calories

Where did we find this stuff? Here are our sources:

https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/study-finds-american-grown-pistachios-contain-melatonin-300899264.html
http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=foodspice&dbid=89
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26268987

Health

What it Takes to Develop a Vaccine for Public Use

People don’t realize how much work and time goes into developing a vaccine. You might have heard that China and the United States both have vaccines… Trista Smith - April 2, 2020

People don’t realize how much work and time goes into developing a vaccine. You might have heard that China and the United States both have vaccines that they believe will help with the current crisis, but this doesn’t mean they’re ready to be used throughout the world. There are still a lot of phases, testing, and approval that go into the vaccine process.

Just to get the scientists to a point where they announce they believe they have an effective vaccine means that they’ve been working around the clock for a while. Of course, they pair off in groups and work a designated amount of hours, so they aren’t working when they’re overtired. But, there is still a lot of pressure for them to develop a vaccine and make it available as quickly as possible. To help you understand the process, so you don’t become too frustrated by the time frame, let’s look at what it takes to develop a vaccine.

Vaccines are an essential part of keeping us healthy. Shutterstock.

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The Importance Of Vaccines

You’ve probably had a vaccine before. In fact, you’ve probably had several in your life. They started when you were an infant; to maintain your health, you need to have another one every few years. Sometimes you receive a vaccine when you go to the hospital’s emergency room because of an illness. Other times vaccines are used to strengthen your immunity to certain diseases. For example, you might have had the chickenpox vaccine as a child to keep you from getting this disease. There are also vaccines for various outbreaks that you read about in history, from measles to polio.

You know that vaccines keep you from getting certain diseases, but have you ever looked at exactly what they protect you from? When you’re given a vaccine, you receive protection against the symptoms that follow that disease, which can include paralysis with polio. Many vaccines protect you from illnesses that are considered life-threatening.

Vaccines are not a person’s favorite pastime, but they are essential for your well-being. Fortunately, you don’t remember the majority of vaccines you receive during your lifetime. Shutterstock.

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What Are Vaccines?

You know that vaccines are important and help fight diseases, but do you scientifically understand what they are and do? Immunization vaccines help you build your body’s natural immunity to a particular disease. Basically, the vaccine will keep you from getting sick, which will help stop the spread of the disease. You can see many examples of this throughout history, such as polio, measles, mumps, chickenpox, and, most recently, the flu vaccine.

When a vaccine is injected into your body, you’re given a weakened form of the disease. From there, the antibodies inside of you start fighting off the germ, which makes you immune from the disease for some time. You might have these antibodies for a few years or the rest of your life.

Scientists need to be extremely cautious when they’re working on a vaccine. Shutterstock.

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The Timeline Usually Takes Years

There are a few cases of vaccines reaching the full state of development and able to help people around the world within a year, but usually, the timeline is years. Many steps go into developing a safe vaccine, and then it needs testing. From there, you need to focus on approval from the FDA before it can make its way into hospitals and clinics.

One of the most recent monthly cases was during the Zika outbreak between 2015 and 2016. It was another crisis that people weren’t ready for, but a vaccine reached development within seven months. To date, this is the fastest vaccine ever developed. But, this doesn’t mean that we can get a vaccine for the current crisis within this time frame, even if there are reports of a vaccine in the local news.

There are clear ethical standards and guidelines that all labs have to follow. Shutterstock.

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No Matter What, Ethical Standards and Guidelines Are Number One

Early in 2020, President Donald Trump met with employees from the CDC (Center for Disease Control and Prevention), Johnson & Johnson, and many other people to understand how they came up with a vaccine for the current crisis so quickly, especially when they have ethical standards to follow at all times.

In this meeting, many people learned that there is a difference between “being in a person” and a product. John Shiver, global head of vaccine research and development at Sanofi, stated that the vaccine is based on a previous vaccine, and it’s not near ready for product release, which is when it goes into hospitals and clinics. At the moment, they are focusing on studies so they can ensure everything is correct before any thought of release because they do have so many ethics to follow.

The media jumped on a current vaccine, confusing the public. Shutterstock.

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Experts State That Media Causes Much Confusion For The Public

If you read about the current crisis, you’ve read about a possible vaccine in the works that is aimed to prevent the spread of the illness. Through these reports, it’s common to get the idea that the vaccine is not only in the works but currently in the testing stage and nearly ready for production. This is simply not true, and the experts want the world to know this.

Whether they come from China, Italy, or the United States, experts agree it’s important not to believe everything you read because you’ll become confused. The vaccine is easily months from production, even in China, where scientists have worked on a vaccine a couple of months longer than anywhere else.

Vaccines have a testing and approval process that is extremely thorough. Shutterstock.

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There Are A Lot Of Stages For New Vaccines

Even when a vaccine is started from a vaccine that already exists, like scientists often do with the flu vaccine as that changes every year, there are still several stages that the vaccine goes through just in development. First, there is the exploratory stage. The second stage is known as preclinical and the third as clinical development.

The fourth stage is a regulatory review and approval. The fifth stage is known as manufacturing, with the final stage called quality control. Of course, some of these stages have their own set of processes. For example, clinical development is a three-phase process.

After development, a vaccine needs to go through the approval process with the FDA. Shutterstock.

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From Develop To Approval With The FDA

Development is only a part of the phases; once the development process is near complete, it goes to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA’s) Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER). This department is solely responsible for regulating vaccines in the United States. The department has its own process, which also includes several steps and sometimes steps within steps.

The first part is an investigation of the application of the new drug from the department’s completed pre-licensure vaccine clinical trials. The third step is a Biologics License Application (BLA), and the fourth step is when an inspection of the manufacturing facility. A fifth step is when the department presents its findings to the FDA’s Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee (VRBPAC) department. The final step is the usability testing of product labeling.

There are several departments within the FDA, and a few of them are involved in a new vaccine but at different stages. Shutterstock.

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The FDA Revisits The Vaccine

Once the vaccine is approved, it remains with the FDA as they need to continue to oversee the production. Part of this is because it’s up to them to ensure that everything follows ethical standards and is 100% safe for the public. However, the monitoring process isn’t as easy as you think because of the steps associated with the process.

There are various moments of inspection that include all the parts of the vaccine, including the facility. In fact, these inspections don’t end until the manufacturer no longer holds a license for that product. The manufacturer of the product also needs to periodically test and give the FDA reports that discuss the testing, safety, and purity of the vaccine.

Prior to any testing or process starts, scientists need to understand the infection so they can mimic it. Shutterstock.

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Before Anything Scientists Need To Understand The Infection

You’ve received a quick rundown of the whole process for developing and accepting a vaccine, but there is one crucial step that happens before any scientists start even to mix a vaccine – research. Yes, research is completed through the whole process, but it’s the primary process at the beginning. It comes before scientists even start thinking about how to develop the vaccine.

Sometimes this part of the process is included in the exploratory stage, and other facilities leave it by itself. The purpose is to give themselves a direction; scientists need to understand the structure of the infection. They need to know as much as possible about it from where it originated to its symptoms. This part is incredibly important because, without it, scientists can’t mimic the infection to develop the vaccine.

The exploratory stage usually lasts a few years and includes several steps. Shutterstock.

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Exploratory Stage Begins

If the facility conducts its basic research before the exploratory stage, they already have an idea of where they’re going with the vaccine. This stage usually lasts between two to four years and includes both governmental and academic scientists. It’s a federally funded stage, so if more money is needed, scientists will write up a proposal to receive more funding.

The point of this stage is to identify any synthetic or natural antigens that can help prevent the disease. Antigens include weakened bacteria, viruses, toxins, or other pathogens. It can also include virus-like particles.

From the first stage, scientists are always cautious about protecting themselves, along with everyone else. Shutterstock.

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Preclinical Stage Starts To Look At Testing

Preclinical studies are a huge part of the preclinical stage. These are studies that are conducted before humans, whether it’s on animals or through other means. For instance, cell-culture systems or tissue-culture systems are used during this phase, along with animal testing. If animal testing is involved, there is a specific set of guidelines to follow on monkeys or mice.

During the studies, scientists are looking at the immune response, safety, and many other factors. Preclinical testing gives scientists an idea of how humans will react to a vaccine. Results often indicated how the vaccine should change or what will make it safer.

The preclinical stage is a slow process as it focuses on making the vaccine more effective. Shutterstock.

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The Preclinical Stage Looks At Effectiveness

There is a lot of back and forth for the team of scientists working on a specific vaccine during the preclinical stage. At the end of this stage, their main goal is to have the most effective vaccine possible, as this makes the rest of the process easier. There are several challenges that scientists face when it comes to this stage, from how to conduct the tests to measuring effectiveness.

The preclinical stage will last a couple of years, but some only last about a year. The length of time depends on several factors, from the number of team members to funding. It also depends on how many and what type of testing the scientists focus on.

Scientists work with private companies as sponsors to ensure the vaccine reaches the best outcome. Shutterstock.

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Onto The IND Application

Not all developmental phases happen one at a time. There are a few phases that are happening around the same time because different people work on them. On top of this, it helps ensure the vaccine reaches production sooner instead of 10 years down the road.

The IND application phase is one that occurs during other stages. It involves a sponsor, usually a private company, that will submit an application for an Investigational New Drug (IND) to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. In this application, testing and manufacturing processes are discussed along with any type of reports from the labs.

Once the FDA receives the IND application, they start their process. Shutterstock.

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FDA Will Approve The Application Within 30 Days

There are hundreds of vaccines that scientists are working on at once. In fact, it probably reaches closer or into the thousands. All of these vaccines need to go through the FDA, which means they have to allow themselves time to review each application and vaccine carefully. Therefore, the length of time it takes for the FDA to approve an application is 30 days.

When the application reaches the FDA, they have a review board that takes a look at it. They note everything on the form and discuss each part. They ensure that both parties understand everything before approving. Once the application is approved, the vaccine moves on to further testing.

Upon FDA approval, scientists immediately start focusing on the next steps. Shutterstock.

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Human Subjects Get Involved After Approval From The FDA

IND application approval is usually a pretty exciting yet anxious time for scientists. Not only does it allow them to continue working on the vaccine, but it gives them peace of mind that everyone is going in the right direction. Scientists view the FDA as another set of eyes to ensure the safety of the vaccine.

The approval also means that scientists can start looking for human candidates to test the vaccine. To do this, they need to find people who are physically healthy or at least haven’t had the disease before. The plan is to infect humans with the virus so they can give scientists more information.

Scientists don’t work with a large group of individuals at first. Shutterstock.

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Phase I Vaccine Trials

The first phase of the vaccine trials focuses on a small group of adults. They usually focus on a group of 20 to 80 people, who are called subjects. Even if the vaccine is meant for children, the first group of subjects is adults. Once the first group is completed, the scientists would look for a lower age group. This process continues until they reach their target age group.

Trials in phase I are non-blinded, which means subjects usually know if they are in the placebo group or vaccine group. The goal is to safely vaccinate the subjects so researchers can understand how they react to it. All people are carefully monitored and controlled.

Once the first phase shows promise, researchers can move on to the next stage. Shutterstock.

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Phase II Vaccine Trials

In the second phase, scientists go from up to 80 subjects to several hundred. It’s also during this phase where they’ll look at people who may have some underlying health problems, so they learn of any risks with the disease and vaccine. The subjects in this phase don’t know if they are in the placebo group or received the vaccine. The trials are all randomized but also controlled.

Other than safety, other goals of phase II include immunogenicity, schedule of immunizations, proposed doses, and method of delivery. Once phase II is proven successful, which can take up to several months, the scientists move on to the next step.

Scientists will use several of the same candidates from phase II for phase III, as long as they were successful and didn’t have any risk or complications. Shutterstock.

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Phase III Vaccine Trials

A successful phase II subject can move on to phase III as long as they didn’t have complications. This phase also has new people because scientists want to test thousands of people; in fact, it’s usually over 10,000 people. They often also look out of their local area and ask in various states or cities. Like the other phases, some subjects are tested with the placebo while other people receive the vaccine. But, there is usually another group that will receive a different vaccine, meaning another disease that’s already been tested thoroughly.

The goal of phase III is to focus on safety and rare side effects. Scientists might notice rare side effects in phase II, but it’ll become more apparent in this phase. The reason why this happens is some side effects occur in 1 of every 10,000 people, so the rare effects don’t usually show until this phase.

Phase III can take a couple of years to complete because of the number of people, side effect exposures, and efficacy. Shutterstock.

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The Efficacy Of Phase III Is Also Tested

One of the main focuses of phase III is the efficacy of the vaccine. There are three factors that this includes. The first is, does the vaccine prevent disease? The second factor is, does the vaccine prevent infection with the pathogen? A third common factor is if the vaccine leads to production or any other types of immune responses.

Once all of these questions are answered, the scientists ensure it’s all correct and then send it all for approval and licensure. During all three phases, the FDA is heavily involved and they become more involved once the scientists stamp their consent and for further approval. It’s important to note that scientists don’t send their subjects home without post-trial discussion and a complete exit procedure. What happens with the subjects varies, but there is sometimes forms of counseling and check-ins so the scientists can ensure that all the participants remain healthy and don’t have any lingering effects months later.

For scientists, official approval and licensure can seem like a waiting game. Shutterstock.

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After Phase III The Approval And Licensure Phase Begins

Once the scientists are confident that their three phases are complete, they will focus on finishing up any reports and then send these along with any other paperwork and requirements to the FDA. This is when the Biologics License Application comes into consideration, and the FDA starts the other part of their process to ensure that everything is holding firm, guidelines are met, the vaccine does what it’s supposed to do, and safety is achieved.

The FDA inspects everything from the vaccine to the factory and laboratory that developed it. This approval is necessary as once the FDA approves the factory and lab, the scientists can start focusing on developing more of the vaccine for production. In other words, nothing more can be done until the vaccine is ready for the labeling process.

FDA needs to make sure everything is good to go and approve several factors before they can move on to the licensing phase. Shutterstock.

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The Licensure Procedure Takes A Bit More Time After Approval

A big part of the licensure procedure is to monitor the production of the vaccine. Therefore, the FDA needs to approve the application and the lab so the scientists can continue working on the vaccine for output. Throughout this process, the FDA remains heavily involved, and they will stop at the facility more than once to ensure that everything is up to code, up to date, and running smoothly. The main goal for all parties is to ensure the safety and purity of the vaccine for production. Scientists work closely with the FDA as they want the best vaccine to head to the hospitals and clinics.

Many tests continue to happen during the phase, and the FDA is aware of all of them. The analyses focus on the vaccine’s purity, potency, and safety. In fact, the FDA can run their own tests along with the scientists without permission from the scientists. This is often considered a “double-check” phase or the second pair of eyes to ensure that everything is as perfect as possible.

Just because the FDA approves the vaccine and the licensure doesn’t mean the process is over. Shutterstock.

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Post-Licensure Monitoring And Further Trials

You didn’t think that the vaccine was ready for shipping once the FDA approved the application and gave the licensing, did you? There are further monitoring and trials that come after the approval process. While they don’t last as long as the previous three tests, phase IV still takes a bit of time. However, it’s also an optional phase, so when a vaccine is meant to happen quickly, like with the current crisis, it might not happen. But, most scientists continue with phase IV to ensure that everything is safe and continues to run smoothly.

Phase IV trials focus on the drug companies that might want to conduct their tests once they receive the vaccine. When they do these studies, they work with the manufacturer to ensure efficacy and safety. One of the benefits of these studies is that they often lead to other potential uses. Sometimes this phase will also show that the vaccine can become more robust with a couple of changes, which brings the scientists back to the earlier steps and approval. However, this is all part of the job.

Reporting is a crucial part of the process, even once the vaccine is sent for public use. Shutterstock.

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Reporting On The Virus Continues

Once everything is approved, and all phases are complete to the point they have to be, the vaccine is sent to hospitals and clinics so the public can receive it. But, this doesn’t mean that the process is completely over. It means that now the CDC, FDA, and the scientists continue their reporting of the vaccine with the help of hospitals, clinics, and other experts. In 1990, the FDA and the CDC established a system that everyone uses called The Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS).

According to the CDC, this system is used to “detect possible signals of adverse events associated with vaccines.” In general, VAERS receives about 30,000 cases a year, with 10% to 15% described as severe medical cases that needed hospitalization. Other events that happened that are reported include life-threatening illness, death, or disability. It’s important to note that anyone can report to VAERS as it’s voluntary based, which means teachers and parents can also use it.

Other than reporting, officials also gather information through a Vaccine Safety Datalink. Shutterstock.

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The Vaccine Safety Datalink Is Another After-Production Process

In 1990, the CDC established a system known as the Vaccine Safety Datalink. This is a collection of linked databases that contain information from various large medical groups. The information that the datalink shows include what populations are more likely to get the vaccine. It allows the manufacturer, along with any other researchers the information they need to monitor the progress of the vaccine. However, they need to request approval from the CDC before they can access the datalink.

The datalink is still in the early stages, which means many changes continue to happen within it. For instance, it doesn’t have any information for unvaccinated children. It’s also known as data that is difficult to control and evaluate, which leads many scientists to find different ways to monitor the vaccine.

The work on vaccines is never truly over, but once it’s out to the public, scientists take a more relaxing breath. Shutterstock.

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Vaccine Work Is Never Done

For a researcher, the work on any vaccine is never truly over. Even when it’s available for the population, they continue to do their research, monitor and look at any necessary changes. They are also continuously looking at developing other vaccines that are an arm of their current strain because colds, cases of flu, and other diseases change over time, and this means the vaccine needs to change with them.

Developing and approving vaccines is a long process that usually takes years, so if a vaccine comes out within a matter of months, you need to thank hard-working researchers, experts, and the advancement in technology.

Sources:

“Vaccine Testing and the Approval Process.” Centers For Disease Control and Prevention.

“Vaccine Product Approval Process” U.S. Food and Drug Administration. January 2018.

“How Long Will It Take to Develop a Vaccine for Coronavirus?” Shawn Radcliffe, Healthline. January 2020.

“HOW ARE NEW VACCINES DEVELOPED?.” Gary Finnegan, Vaccines Today. September 2012.

“Vaccine Development, Testing, and Regulation.” History of Vaccines. January 2020.

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